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Evaluation of Mangrove Ecosystem Quality in Bawean Island, East Java Using Phytoplankton as Bioindicators
Corresponding Author(s) : Qathrunnada Salsabila
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 16 No. 2 (2024): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Highlight Research
Highlights from this results research:
- Restoration is a method to restore degraded mangrove ecosystems
- The success of restoration is measured by improvements in ecosystem services such as water quality, mangrove diversity, phytoplankton community structure and diversity
- Phytoplankton as bioindicator of water quality
- Anthropogenic activities are the main factor causing degradation of mangrove ecosystems
Abstract
The mangrove ecosystems in Bawean Island are degraded due to anthropogenic activities and land conversion. Plantation has carried out periodic which was continued in several mangrove ecosystems. This study was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical water quality of several mangrove ecosystems in Bawean Island, and phytoplankton as bioindicators. The evaluation of mangroves in Bawean Island was carried out at 11 locations based on different naturalness and human activities surrounding. The physical and chemical parameters of water observed were air temperature, water temperature, pH, TSS, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, conductivity, nitrate, and orthophosphate. Community structure and plankton diversity measured include the Importance Value Index (IVI), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson dominance index (Id), evenness index (E), trophic diatom index (TDI), and pollution tolerant value (% PTV). The physical parameters of water chemistry show that it meets the quality standards based on Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 except for nitrate and orthophosphate, but it is still under plankton tolerant. A total of 63 species from 7 phytoplankton classes were found based on the importance value index. Based on the TDI index, mangrove ecosystems Sawahmulya, Sidogedungbatu, Hijau Daun, Pamona, Pasir Putih, Sungai Rujing, Bangsal, Jherat Lanjheng, and Lebak were classified as eutrophic while Pulau Cina and Dekatagung were hyper-eutrophic. Based on %PTV, the Hijau Daun mangrove is the best mangrove ecosystem while other mangroves were classified as moderate and heavily level polluted.
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- Abelson, A., Reed, D. C., Edgar, G. J., Smith, C. S., Kendrick, G. A., Orth, R. J., Airoldi, L., Silliman, B., Beck, M. W., Krause, G., Shashar, N., Stambler, N., & Nelson, P. (2020). Challenges for restoration of coastal marine ecosystems in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(11):1-14.
- Aini, N., Hakim, L., & Retnaningdyah, C. (2020). Evaluation of ecosystem services mangrove restoration area in South Malang. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(7):849-854.
- American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.). (pp 1-1288). Washington D. C: APHA.
- Armono, H. D., Hidayah, Z., & Nuzula, N. I. (2018, November). Sustainability analysis of coastal ecotourism management of Bawean Island, East Java. International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management, 1(1):176-183.
- Babu, A., Varadharajan, D., Vengadesh, P. N., Thilaga¬vathi, B., Manikandarajan, T., Sampathkumar, P., & Balasubramanian, T. (2013). Diversity of phytoplankton in different stations from Muth-upettai, South East Coast of India. Marine Sci¬ence Research & Development, 3(3):128-139.
- Barnes, R, S. K & Mann, K. H. (1994). Fundamental of aquatic ecology. Backwell Scientific Publications. Backwell.
- Bellinger, E. G. & Sigee, D. C. (2010). Freshwater algae identification and use as bioindicators. Wiley-Blackwell Ltd. Hoboken.
- Camacho, L. D., Genana, D. T., Sabino, L. L., Ruzol, C. D., Garcia, J. E., Camacho, A. C. D., Oo, T. N., Maung, A. C., Saxena, K. G., Liang, L., Yiu, E., & Takeuchi, K. (2020). Sustainable mangrove rehabilitation: Lessons and insights from community-based management in the Philippines and Myanmar. APN Science Bulletin, 10(1):3-10.
- Carugati, L., Gatto, B., Rastelli, E., Lo Martire, M., Coral, C., Greco, S., & Danovaro, R. (2018). Impact of mangrove forests degradation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Scientific Reports, 8(1):1-11.
- Darojat, M. K., Kurniawan, N., & Retnaningdyah, C. (2020). Evaluation of water quality based on macrozoobenthos as a bioindicator in the four springs of Wana Wiyata Widya Karya Tourism Area, Cowek Village, Purwodadi District, Pasuruan Regency. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 8(1):1-8.
- Du Buf, H. & Bayer, M. M. (2002). Automatic diatom identification. London: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
- Febriansyah, S. C., Hakim, L., & Retnaningdyah, C. (2022). Evaluation of mangrove water quality in Pancer Cengkrong, Trenggalek and Sine, Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia using phytoplankton as bioindicators. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 14(2):297-312.
- Febriansyah, S. C., Hakim, L., Saptoyo., & Retnaningdyah, C. (2023). Phytoplankton diversity as a bioindicator of water quality mangrove ecosystems in Clungup Mangrove Conservation, Kondang Merak and Sempu Island, Malang Regency. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 8(1):1-15.
- Ferreira, A. C., Ganade, G., & de Attayde, J. L. (2015). Restoration versus natural regeneration in a neotropical mangrove: Effects on plant biomass and crab communities. Ocean and Coastal Management, 110(6):38-45.
- Fikroh, N., Hayati, A., & Zayadi, H. (2021). Ethnobotanical study of mangroves in Daun Village, Sangkapura District and Sukaoneng Village, Tambak District, Bawean Island, Gresik Regency. Biosaintropis, 6(2):26-31.
- Gell, P.A. (1999). An illustrated key to common diatom genera from Southern Australia, Albury: Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology. (pp 1-63). Australia: University of Adelaide.
- Getzner, M., & Islam, M. S. (2020). Ecosystem services of mangrove forests: Results of a meta-analysis of economic values. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16):1-13.
- Hilmi, E., Sari, L. K., & Amron, A. (2020). The Prediction of plankton diversity and abundance in mangrove ecosystem. Omni-Akuatika, 16(3):1-13.
- Junaidi, M. & Azhar, F. (2018). Community structure of phytoplankton and its relationship to waters quality in Lombok Strait, North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, 12(2):159-172.
- Kelly, M. G., & Whitton, B. A. (1995). The trophic diatom index: A new index for monitoring eutrophication in rivers. Journal of Applied Phycology, 7(4):433-444.
- Krebs, C. J. (1994). Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. (pp 1-801). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
- Loreau, M. (2010). Linking biodiversity and ecosystems: Towards a unifying ecological theory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1537):49-60.
- Machado, A. (2004). An index of naturalness. Journal for Nature Conservation, 12(2):95-110.
- Malik, A., Fensholt, R., & Mertz, O. (2015). Mangrove exploitation effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24(14):3543-3557.
- Manamani, R., & Bensouilah, M. (2023). Water physicochemical characterization and phytoplankton diversity of arid region in Meggarine Lake, Ouargla, Algeria. Biodiversitas, 24(3):1569-1579.
- Mandal, A., Ghosh, A., Saha, R., & Bhadury, P. (2023). Seasonal variability of modern benthic foraminifera assemblages in a mangrove ecosystem from northeast coastal Bay of Bengal. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 188(3):1-19.
- Mizwar, A., & Surapati, H. U. (2020). Biological oxygent demand (BOD5) as bio indicator of phytoplankton diversity index in the mangrove area of Kintap Estuary - South Kalimantan. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 448(1):1-6.
- Nindarwi, D. D., Samara, S. H., & Santanumurti, M. B. (2021). Nitrate and phosphate dynamics of phytoplankton abundance in Kanceng River, Sepuluh, Bangkalan, East Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 679(1):1-6.
- Onyema, I. C. (2013). Phytoplankton bio-indicators of water quality situations in the Iyagbe Lagoon, South-Western Nigeria. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Science, 4(3):639-652.
- Prihatno, H., Abida, R. F., & Sagala, S. L. (2021). Correlation between seawater conductivity and the amount of dissolved minerals in the Madura Strait waters. Jurnal Kelautan Nasional, 16(3):211-222.
- Rahayu, A. P., Saad, M., & Fanni, N. A. (2021). Analysis of plankton abundance and status of water quality fish cultivation " Sawah Tambak ” with overtime system in Kalitengah Subdistrict, Lamongan Regency. Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 5(1):17-22.
- Retnaningdyah, C., Febriansyah, S. C., & Hakim, L. (2022). Evaluation of the quality of mangrove ecosystems using macrozoobenthos as bioindicators in the Southern Coast of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(12):6480-6491.
- Retnaningdyah, C., Hakim, L., Hamzah, R., & Sikana, M. A. (2019). Water quality evaluation of some beach with variations of human activities and land use in Spermonde Archipelago of Makassar South Sulawesi. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 391(2):1-11.
- Rudianto, R., Bengen, D. G., & Kurniawan, F. (2020). Causes and effects of mangrove ecosystem damage on carbon stocks and absorption in East Java, Indonesia. Sustainability, 12(24):1-17.
- Samanta, B., & Bhadury, P. (2015). Thalassiosira sundarbana sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), an estuarine diatom from Sundarbans mangrove ecoregion based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. Phycological Research, 63(2):102-109.
- Saputro, G. B. (2009). Map of Indonesian mangroves. Cibinong: Marine Natural Resources Survey Center, National Survey and Mapping Coordinating Agency. (Bakosurtanal). pp 239.
- Serosero, R. H., Abubakar, S., & Hasan, S. (2020). Distribution and community structure of mangrove in Donrotu, Guratu and Manomadehe Islands, West Halmahera District, North Maluku. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 12(1):151-166.
- Sew, G., & Todd, P. (2020). Effects of salinity and suspended solids on tropical phytoplankton mesocosm communities. Tropical Conservation Science, 13(1):1-11.
- Singh, S., James, A., & Bharose, R. (2017). Biological assessment of water pollution using periphyton productivity: A review key words. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 16(2):559-567.
- Tanner, M. K., Moity, N., Costa, M. T., Marin Jarrin, J. R., Aburto-Oropeza, O., & Salinas-de-León, P. (2019). Mangroves in the Galapagos: Ecosystem services and their valuation. Ecological Economics, 160(6):12-24.
- Tian, Y., Liu, B., Hu, Y., Xu, Q., Qu, M., & Xu, D. (2020). Spatio-temporal land-use changes and the response in landscape pattern to hemeroby in a resource-based city. International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(20):1-26.
- Van Vuuren, S. J., Taylor, J., van Ginkel, C., & Gerber, A. (2006). Easy identification of the most common freshwater algae: A guide for the identification of microscopic algae in South African freshwaters. Pretoria: Resource Quality Services (RQS).
- Wassie, T. A., & Melese, A. W. (2017). Impact of physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton compositions and abundances in Selameko Manmade Reservoir, Debre Tabor, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Applied Water Science, 7(4):1791-1798.
- Wu, N., Schmalz, B., & Fohrer, N. (2014). Study progress in riverine phytoplankton and its use as bio-indicator – a Review. Austin Journal of Hydrology, 1(1):1-9.
References
Abelson, A., Reed, D. C., Edgar, G. J., Smith, C. S., Kendrick, G. A., Orth, R. J., Airoldi, L., Silliman, B., Beck, M. W., Krause, G., Shashar, N., Stambler, N., & Nelson, P. (2020). Challenges for restoration of coastal marine ecosystems in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(11):1-14.
Aini, N., Hakim, L., & Retnaningdyah, C. (2020). Evaluation of ecosystem services mangrove restoration area in South Malang. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(7):849-854.
American Public Health Association (APHA). (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.). (pp 1-1288). Washington D. C: APHA.
Armono, H. D., Hidayah, Z., & Nuzula, N. I. (2018, November). Sustainability analysis of coastal ecotourism management of Bawean Island, East Java. International Seminar on Ocean and Coastal Engineering, Environmental and Natural Disaster Management, 1(1):176-183.
Babu, A., Varadharajan, D., Vengadesh, P. N., Thilaga¬vathi, B., Manikandarajan, T., Sampathkumar, P., & Balasubramanian, T. (2013). Diversity of phytoplankton in different stations from Muth-upettai, South East Coast of India. Marine Sci¬ence Research & Development, 3(3):128-139.
Barnes, R, S. K & Mann, K. H. (1994). Fundamental of aquatic ecology. Backwell Scientific Publications. Backwell.
Bellinger, E. G. & Sigee, D. C. (2010). Freshwater algae identification and use as bioindicators. Wiley-Blackwell Ltd. Hoboken.
Camacho, L. D., Genana, D. T., Sabino, L. L., Ruzol, C. D., Garcia, J. E., Camacho, A. C. D., Oo, T. N., Maung, A. C., Saxena, K. G., Liang, L., Yiu, E., & Takeuchi, K. (2020). Sustainable mangrove rehabilitation: Lessons and insights from community-based management in the Philippines and Myanmar. APN Science Bulletin, 10(1):3-10.
Carugati, L., Gatto, B., Rastelli, E., Lo Martire, M., Coral, C., Greco, S., & Danovaro, R. (2018). Impact of mangrove forests degradation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Scientific Reports, 8(1):1-11.
Darojat, M. K., Kurniawan, N., & Retnaningdyah, C. (2020). Evaluation of water quality based on macrozoobenthos as a bioindicator in the four springs of Wana Wiyata Widya Karya Tourism Area, Cowek Village, Purwodadi District, Pasuruan Regency. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 8(1):1-8.
Du Buf, H. & Bayer, M. M. (2002). Automatic diatom identification. London: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Febriansyah, S. C., Hakim, L., & Retnaningdyah, C. (2022). Evaluation of mangrove water quality in Pancer Cengkrong, Trenggalek and Sine, Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia using phytoplankton as bioindicators. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 14(2):297-312.
Febriansyah, S. C., Hakim, L., Saptoyo., & Retnaningdyah, C. (2023). Phytoplankton diversity as a bioindicator of water quality mangrove ecosystems in Clungup Mangrove Conservation, Kondang Merak and Sempu Island, Malang Regency. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 8(1):1-15.
Ferreira, A. C., Ganade, G., & de Attayde, J. L. (2015). Restoration versus natural regeneration in a neotropical mangrove: Effects on plant biomass and crab communities. Ocean and Coastal Management, 110(6):38-45.
Fikroh, N., Hayati, A., & Zayadi, H. (2021). Ethnobotanical study of mangroves in Daun Village, Sangkapura District and Sukaoneng Village, Tambak District, Bawean Island, Gresik Regency. Biosaintropis, 6(2):26-31.
Gell, P.A. (1999). An illustrated key to common diatom genera from Southern Australia, Albury: Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology. (pp 1-63). Australia: University of Adelaide.
Getzner, M., & Islam, M. S. (2020). Ecosystem services of mangrove forests: Results of a meta-analysis of economic values. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16):1-13.
Hilmi, E., Sari, L. K., & Amron, A. (2020). The Prediction of plankton diversity and abundance in mangrove ecosystem. Omni-Akuatika, 16(3):1-13.
Junaidi, M. & Azhar, F. (2018). Community structure of phytoplankton and its relationship to waters quality in Lombok Strait, North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, 12(2):159-172.
Kelly, M. G., & Whitton, B. A. (1995). The trophic diatom index: A new index for monitoring eutrophication in rivers. Journal of Applied Phycology, 7(4):433-444.
Krebs, C. J. (1994). Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. (pp 1-801). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
Loreau, M. (2010). Linking biodiversity and ecosystems: Towards a unifying ecological theory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1537):49-60.
Machado, A. (2004). An index of naturalness. Journal for Nature Conservation, 12(2):95-110.
Malik, A., Fensholt, R., & Mertz, O. (2015). Mangrove exploitation effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation, 24(14):3543-3557.
Manamani, R., & Bensouilah, M. (2023). Water physicochemical characterization and phytoplankton diversity of arid region in Meggarine Lake, Ouargla, Algeria. Biodiversitas, 24(3):1569-1579.
Mandal, A., Ghosh, A., Saha, R., & Bhadury, P. (2023). Seasonal variability of modern benthic foraminifera assemblages in a mangrove ecosystem from northeast coastal Bay of Bengal. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 188(3):1-19.
Mizwar, A., & Surapati, H. U. (2020). Biological oxygent demand (BOD5) as bio indicator of phytoplankton diversity index in the mangrove area of Kintap Estuary - South Kalimantan. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 448(1):1-6.
Nindarwi, D. D., Samara, S. H., & Santanumurti, M. B. (2021). Nitrate and phosphate dynamics of phytoplankton abundance in Kanceng River, Sepuluh, Bangkalan, East Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 679(1):1-6.
Onyema, I. C. (2013). Phytoplankton bio-indicators of water quality situations in the Iyagbe Lagoon, South-Western Nigeria. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Science, 4(3):639-652.
Prihatno, H., Abida, R. F., & Sagala, S. L. (2021). Correlation between seawater conductivity and the amount of dissolved minerals in the Madura Strait waters. Jurnal Kelautan Nasional, 16(3):211-222.
Rahayu, A. P., Saad, M., & Fanni, N. A. (2021). Analysis of plankton abundance and status of water quality fish cultivation " Sawah Tambak ” with overtime system in Kalitengah Subdistrict, Lamongan Regency. Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 5(1):17-22.
Retnaningdyah, C., Febriansyah, S. C., & Hakim, L. (2022). Evaluation of the quality of mangrove ecosystems using macrozoobenthos as bioindicators in the Southern Coast of East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(12):6480-6491.
Retnaningdyah, C., Hakim, L., Hamzah, R., & Sikana, M. A. (2019). Water quality evaluation of some beach with variations of human activities and land use in Spermonde Archipelago of Makassar South Sulawesi. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 391(2):1-11.
Rudianto, R., Bengen, D. G., & Kurniawan, F. (2020). Causes and effects of mangrove ecosystem damage on carbon stocks and absorption in East Java, Indonesia. Sustainability, 12(24):1-17.
Samanta, B., & Bhadury, P. (2015). Thalassiosira sundarbana sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), an estuarine diatom from Sundarbans mangrove ecoregion based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. Phycological Research, 63(2):102-109.
Saputro, G. B. (2009). Map of Indonesian mangroves. Cibinong: Marine Natural Resources Survey Center, National Survey and Mapping Coordinating Agency. (Bakosurtanal). pp 239.
Serosero, R. H., Abubakar, S., & Hasan, S. (2020). Distribution and community structure of mangrove in Donrotu, Guratu and Manomadehe Islands, West Halmahera District, North Maluku. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 12(1):151-166.
Sew, G., & Todd, P. (2020). Effects of salinity and suspended solids on tropical phytoplankton mesocosm communities. Tropical Conservation Science, 13(1):1-11.
Singh, S., James, A., & Bharose, R. (2017). Biological assessment of water pollution using periphyton productivity: A review key words. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 16(2):559-567.
Tanner, M. K., Moity, N., Costa, M. T., Marin Jarrin, J. R., Aburto-Oropeza, O., & Salinas-de-León, P. (2019). Mangroves in the Galapagos: Ecosystem services and their valuation. Ecological Economics, 160(6):12-24.
Tian, Y., Liu, B., Hu, Y., Xu, Q., Qu, M., & Xu, D. (2020). Spatio-temporal land-use changes and the response in landscape pattern to hemeroby in a resource-based city. International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(20):1-26.
Van Vuuren, S. J., Taylor, J., van Ginkel, C., & Gerber, A. (2006). Easy identification of the most common freshwater algae: A guide for the identification of microscopic algae in South African freshwaters. Pretoria: Resource Quality Services (RQS).
Wassie, T. A., & Melese, A. W. (2017). Impact of physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton compositions and abundances in Selameko Manmade Reservoir, Debre Tabor, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Applied Water Science, 7(4):1791-1798.
Wu, N., Schmalz, B., & Fohrer, N. (2014). Study progress in riverine phytoplankton and its use as bio-indicator – a Review. Austin Journal of Hydrology, 1(1):1-9.