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Vibrio Dynamics and Health Status of Pacific White Shrimp Fed with Cinnamaldehyde-Containing Feed
Corresponding Author(s) : Dinamella Wahjuningrum
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan,
Vol. 14 No. 2 (2022): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Highlight Research
- Cinnamaldehyde for shrimp
- Dynamics of Vibrio and the correlation with shrimp health status
- Green and yellow Vibrio bacteria in water, intestine, and hepatopancreas of shrimp
- Cinnamaldehyde decrease the number of green Vibrio bacteria
Abstract
Disease can cause shrimp mortality and high economic losses caused by Vibriosis group. One alternative is using cinnamaldehyde which function as an anti-microbial and inhibit the production of toxins released by microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate the administration of cinnamaldehyde on the dynamics of Vibrio bacteria and the health status of Pacific white shrimp fed with cinnamaldehyde-containing feed. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replications consisting of treatment K, A, B, and C which mean feeding without cinnamaldehyde, feeding containing cinnamaldehyde dose of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% respectively. Parameters included total bacteria (green and yellow Vibrio) in water, intestine, and hepatopancreas, as well as immune responses parameters, including total hemocyte count (THC), respiratory burst (RB), and phenol-oxidase (PO). All data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel 2016 and all statistical analysis was conducted in the SPSS v.22.0 software with one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT (P=0.05). The results showed that the administration of cinnamaldehyde influences the dynamics of Vibrio and health status of shrimp. At the beginning and at the end of cinnamaldehyde administration, green and yellow Vibrio bacteria are mostly found in water, intestine, and hepatopancreas. The administration of cinnamaldehyde to Pacific white shrimp can reduce the number of green Vibrio bacteria both in the intestine and hepatopancreas as shown in treatments C and B. Cinnamaldehyde also affected the higher percentage of yellow Vibrio bacteria in treatments C and B compared to control (K). The highest immune responses of THC and RB were produced in treatments A and C compared to K. The decrease of green Vibrio bacteria and increased colonization of yellow Vibrio bacteria were correlated with immune responses. The best treatment in this study is treatment C.
Keywords
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- Anderson, G. L., Valderrama, D., & Jory, D. E. (2019). GOAL 2019: Global shrimp production review. Global Seafood Alliance. Retrieved on March 1st, 2022, from www.globalseafood.org.
- Bi, K., Zhang, X, Yan, K., Gao, H., Gao, X., & Sun, J. (2016). Isolation and molecular identification of Vibrio natriegens from diseased Portunus trituberculatus in China. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 47(6):854-861.
- Bilgrami, K. S., Sinha, K. K., & Sinha, A. K. (1992). Inhibition of aflatoxin production & growth of Aspergillus flavus by eugenol & onion & garlic extracts. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 96:171-175.
- Brackman, G., Defoirdt, T., Miyamoto, C., Bossier, P., van Calenbergh, S., Nelis, H., & Coenye, T. (2008). Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde derivatives reduce virulence in Vibrio spp. by decreasing the DNA-binding activity of the quorum sensing response regulator LuxR. BMC Microbiology, 8(149):1-14.
- CSA (Central Statistics Agency). (2019). Shrimp exports by destination country.
- Calo, J. R., Crandall, P. G., O'Bryan, C. A., & Ricke, S. C. (2015). Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems – A review. Food Control, 54:111-119.
- Cornejo-Granados, F., Gallardo-Becerra, L., Leonardo-Reza, M., Ochoa-Romo, J. P., & Ochoa-Leyva, A. (2018). A meta-analysis reveals the environmental and host factors shaping the structure and function of the shrimp microbiota. PeerJ, 6:e5382.
- Doyle, A. A., & Stephens, J. J. (2019). A review of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives as antibacterial agents. Fitoterapia, 139:104405.
- Firmino, D. F., Cavalcante, T. T. A., Gomes, G. A., Firmino, N. C. S., Rosa, L. D., de Carvalho, M. G., & Catunda Jr, F. E. A. (2018). Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Cinnamomum sp. essential oil and cinnamaldehyde: antimicrobial activities. The Scientific World Journal, 2018(7405736):1-9.
- Friedman, M. (2017). Chemistry, Antimicrobial mechanisms, and antibiotic activities of cinnamaldehyde against pathogenic bacteria in animal feeds and human foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(48):10406-10423.
- Fuandila, N. N., Widanarni, W., & Yuhana, M. (2019). Growth performance and immune response of prebiotic honey fed Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 32(6):1-15.
- Gomez-Gil, B., & Roque, A. (2006). Isolation, enumeration, and preservation of the Vibrionaceae. In F. L. Thompson, B. Austin, and J. Swings (Ed.), The biology of Vibrios. (pp. 15-26). Washington D.C.: ASM Press.
- Huynh, T. G., Yes, S. T., Lin, Y. C., Shyu, J. F, Chen, L. L., & Chen, J. C. (2011). White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei immersed in seawater containing Sargassum hemiohyllum var. Chinese powder and its extract showed increased immunity and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 31(2):286-293.
- Inouye. S., Takizawa, T., & Yamaguchi, H. (2001). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 47(5):565-573.
- Kadriah, I. A. K., Susianingsih, E., Sukenda, Yuhana, M., & Harris, E. (2011). Detection of virulence factor encoding genes on Vibrio bacteria. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 6(1):119-130.
- Kaysner, C. A., De-Paola, Jr. A., & Jones, J. (2019). Bacteriological analytical manual. Chapter 9: Vibrio. Retrieved on April 17th, 2022, from www.fda.gov.
- Khan, M. S. A., & Ahmad, I. (2011). In vitro antifungal, anti-elastase and anti-keratinase activity of essential oils of cinnamomum-, syzygium- and cymbopogon-species against Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. Phytomedicine, 19(1):48-55.
- Lai, C. Y., Cheng, W., & Kuo, C. M. (2005). Molecular cloning and characterisation of prophenoloxidase from haemocytes of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 18(5):417-430.
- Landsman, A., St-Pierre, B., Rosales-Leija, M., Brown, M., & Gibbons, W. (2019). Impact of aquaculture practices on intestinal bacterial profiles of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Microorganisms, 7(4):1-14.
- Lee, K. K., Liu, P. C., Chen, Y. C., & Huang, C. Y. (2001). The implication of ambient temperature with outbreak of vibriosis in cultured small abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta Lischke. Journal of Thermal Biology, 26(6):585-587.
- Li, H., Shen, Q., Zhou, W., Mo, H., Pan, D., & Hu, L. (2015). Nanocapsular dispersion of cinnamaldehyde for enhanced inhibitory activity against aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. Molecules, 20(4):6022-6032.
- Li, T., Wang, D., Liu, N., Ma, Y., Ding, T., Mei, Y., & Li, J., (2018). Inhibition of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens by cinnamaldehyde. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 269:98-106.
- Maftuch, Prasetio, E., Sudianto, A., Rozik, M., Nurdiyani, R., Sanusi, E., Nursyam, H., Fariedah, F., Marsoedi, & Murachman. (2013). Improvement of innate immune responses and defense activity in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.) by intramuscular administration of the outer membrane protein Vibrio alginolyticus. SpringerPlus, 2(432):1-8.
- Marlina, Rustini, & Wibowo, R. S. (2008). Identifikasi bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus dengan metode biologi dan deteksi gen toxRnya secara PCR. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi, 12(1):11-17.
- NACA (Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific). (2014). Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) Card.
- Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., de Martino, L., Coppola, R., & de Feo, D. (2013). Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals, 6(12):1451-1474.
- Nurhayati, D., Widanarni, & Yuhana, M. (2015). Dietary synbiotic influence on the growth performances and immune responses to to-infection with infectious myonecrosis virus and Vibrio harveyi in Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 10(1):13-23.
- Oktaviana, A., Widanarni, & Yuhana, M. (2014). The use of synbiotics to prevent IMNV and Vibrio harveyi co-infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 21(3):127-134.
- Pacheco, P., Sierra, J., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Potter, C. W., Jones, B. M., & Moshref, M. (1993). Antiviral activity of chilean medicinal plant extracts. Phytotherapy Research, 7(6):415-418.
- Pang, L., Zhang, X. H., Zhong, Y., Chen, J., Li, Y., & Austin, B. (2005). Identification of Vibrio harveyi using PCR amplification of the toxR gene. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 43(3):249-255.
- Sarida, M., & Harpeni, E. (2010). Screening of potential probiotic Vibrio sp. against vibriosis in the Litopenaeus vannamei. Biosfera, 27(2):88-94.
- Shahverdi, A. R., Monsef-Esfahani, H. R., Tavasoli, F., Zaheri, A., & Mirjani, R. (2007). Trans-cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil reduces the clindamycin resistance of Clostridium difficile in vitro. Journal of Food Science, 72(1):55-58.
- Soto-Rodriguez, S. A., Gomez-Gil, B., Lozano-Olvera, R., Betancourt-Lozano, M., & Morales-Covarrubias, M. S. (2015). Field and experimental evidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus as the causative agent of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease of cultured shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Northwestern Mexico. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 81(5):1689-1699.
- Sun, Q., Shang, B., Wang, L., Lu, Z., & Liu, Y. (2016). Cinnamaldehyde inhibits fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by modulating the oxidative stress response of Aspergillus flavus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(3):1355-1364.
- Suresh, P., Ingle, V. K., & Vijaya, L. V. (1992). Antibacterial activity of eugenol in comparison with other antibiotics. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 29:254-256.
- Valente, C. D. S., & Wan, A. H. L. (2021). Vibrio and major commercially important vibriosis disease in decapod crustaceans. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 181:107527.
- Vandenberghe, J., Li, Y., Verdonck, L., Li, J., Sorgeloss, P., Xu, H. S., & Swings, J. (1998). Vibrio associated with Penaeus chinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda) larvae in Chinese shrimp hatcheries. Aquaculture, 169(1-2):121-132.
- Vasconcelos, N. G., Croda, J., & Simionatto, S. (2018). Antibacterial mechanisms of cinnamon and its constituents: A review. Microbial Pathogenesis, 120:198-203.
- Widanarni, Soelistyowati, D. T., & Suwanto, A. (2008a). Administration of Vibrio SKT-b probiotic bacteria on tiger shrimp larvae through Artemia enrichment. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2):129-137.
- Widanarni, Ayuzar, E., & Sukenda. (2008b). Inhibitory mechanism of probiotic bacteria on the growth of Vibrio harveyi in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2):179-188.
- Widanarni, Lidaenni, M. A., & Wahjuningrum, D. (2010). Effects of different doses of SKT-b Vibrio probiotic bacteria addition on survival and growth rate of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 9(1):21-29.
- Widanarni, Widagdo, P., & Wahjuningrum, D. (2012a). Oral application of probiotic, prebiotic, and symbiotic in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Jurnal Akuakulture Indonesia, 11(1):54-63.
- Widanarni, Wahjuningrum, D., & Puspita, F. (2012b). Application of probiotic bacteria through artificial feed to improve growth performance of windu shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Jurnal Sains Terapan, 2(1):32-49.
- Wongsasak, U., Chaijamrus, S., Kumkhong, S., & Boonanuntanasarn, S. (2014). Effect of dietary supplementation with β-glucan and synbiotics on immune gene expression and immune parameters under ammonia stress in Pacific white shrimp. Aquaculture, 436:179-187.
- Yeh, R. Y., Shiu, Y. L., Shei, S. C., Cheng, S. C., Huang, S. Y., Lin, J, C., & Liu, S. H. (2009). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaf and twig extracts of stout camphor tree, Cinnamomum kanehirae, and the effects on immunity and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 27(1):26-32.
- Zhu, L., Andersen-Civil, A. I. S., Myhill, L. J., Thamsborg, S. M., Kot, W., Krych, L., Nielsen, D. S., Blanchard, A., & Williams, A. R. (2022). The phytonutrient cinnamaldehyde limits intestinal inflammation and enteric parasite infection. Journal of Nutrition Biochemistry, 100:108887.
References
Anderson, G. L., Valderrama, D., & Jory, D. E. (2019). GOAL 2019: Global shrimp production review. Global Seafood Alliance. Retrieved on March 1st, 2022, from www.globalseafood.org.
Bi, K., Zhang, X, Yan, K., Gao, H., Gao, X., & Sun, J. (2016). Isolation and molecular identification of Vibrio natriegens from diseased Portunus trituberculatus in China. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 47(6):854-861.
Bilgrami, K. S., Sinha, K. K., & Sinha, A. K. (1992). Inhibition of aflatoxin production & growth of Aspergillus flavus by eugenol & onion & garlic extracts. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 96:171-175.
Brackman, G., Defoirdt, T., Miyamoto, C., Bossier, P., van Calenbergh, S., Nelis, H., & Coenye, T. (2008). Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde derivatives reduce virulence in Vibrio spp. by decreasing the DNA-binding activity of the quorum sensing response regulator LuxR. BMC Microbiology, 8(149):1-14.
CSA (Central Statistics Agency). (2019). Shrimp exports by destination country.
Calo, J. R., Crandall, P. G., O'Bryan, C. A., & Ricke, S. C. (2015). Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems – A review. Food Control, 54:111-119.
Cornejo-Granados, F., Gallardo-Becerra, L., Leonardo-Reza, M., Ochoa-Romo, J. P., & Ochoa-Leyva, A. (2018). A meta-analysis reveals the environmental and host factors shaping the structure and function of the shrimp microbiota. PeerJ, 6:e5382.
Doyle, A. A., & Stephens, J. J. (2019). A review of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives as antibacterial agents. Fitoterapia, 139:104405.
Firmino, D. F., Cavalcante, T. T. A., Gomes, G. A., Firmino, N. C. S., Rosa, L. D., de Carvalho, M. G., & Catunda Jr, F. E. A. (2018). Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Cinnamomum sp. essential oil and cinnamaldehyde: antimicrobial activities. The Scientific World Journal, 2018(7405736):1-9.
Friedman, M. (2017). Chemistry, Antimicrobial mechanisms, and antibiotic activities of cinnamaldehyde against pathogenic bacteria in animal feeds and human foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(48):10406-10423.
Fuandila, N. N., Widanarni, W., & Yuhana, M. (2019). Growth performance and immune response of prebiotic honey fed Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 32(6):1-15.
Gomez-Gil, B., & Roque, A. (2006). Isolation, enumeration, and preservation of the Vibrionaceae. In F. L. Thompson, B. Austin, and J. Swings (Ed.), The biology of Vibrios. (pp. 15-26). Washington D.C.: ASM Press.
Huynh, T. G., Yes, S. T., Lin, Y. C., Shyu, J. F, Chen, L. L., & Chen, J. C. (2011). White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei immersed in seawater containing Sargassum hemiohyllum var. Chinese powder and its extract showed increased immunity and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 31(2):286-293.
Inouye. S., Takizawa, T., & Yamaguchi, H. (2001). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 47(5):565-573.
Kadriah, I. A. K., Susianingsih, E., Sukenda, Yuhana, M., & Harris, E. (2011). Detection of virulence factor encoding genes on Vibrio bacteria. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 6(1):119-130.
Kaysner, C. A., De-Paola, Jr. A., & Jones, J. (2019). Bacteriological analytical manual. Chapter 9: Vibrio. Retrieved on April 17th, 2022, from www.fda.gov.
Khan, M. S. A., & Ahmad, I. (2011). In vitro antifungal, anti-elastase and anti-keratinase activity of essential oils of cinnamomum-, syzygium- and cymbopogon-species against Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. Phytomedicine, 19(1):48-55.
Lai, C. Y., Cheng, W., & Kuo, C. M. (2005). Molecular cloning and characterisation of prophenoloxidase from haemocytes of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 18(5):417-430.
Landsman, A., St-Pierre, B., Rosales-Leija, M., Brown, M., & Gibbons, W. (2019). Impact of aquaculture practices on intestinal bacterial profiles of Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Microorganisms, 7(4):1-14.
Lee, K. K., Liu, P. C., Chen, Y. C., & Huang, C. Y. (2001). The implication of ambient temperature with outbreak of vibriosis in cultured small abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta Lischke. Journal of Thermal Biology, 26(6):585-587.
Li, H., Shen, Q., Zhou, W., Mo, H., Pan, D., & Hu, L. (2015). Nanocapsular dispersion of cinnamaldehyde for enhanced inhibitory activity against aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. Molecules, 20(4):6022-6032.
Li, T., Wang, D., Liu, N., Ma, Y., Ding, T., Mei, Y., & Li, J., (2018). Inhibition of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens by cinnamaldehyde. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 269:98-106.
Maftuch, Prasetio, E., Sudianto, A., Rozik, M., Nurdiyani, R., Sanusi, E., Nursyam, H., Fariedah, F., Marsoedi, & Murachman. (2013). Improvement of innate immune responses and defense activity in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab.) by intramuscular administration of the outer membrane protein Vibrio alginolyticus. SpringerPlus, 2(432):1-8.
Marlina, Rustini, & Wibowo, R. S. (2008). Identifikasi bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus dengan metode biologi dan deteksi gen toxRnya secara PCR. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi, 12(1):11-17.
NACA (Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific). (2014). Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) Card.
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., de Martino, L., Coppola, R., & de Feo, D. (2013). Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals, 6(12):1451-1474.
Nurhayati, D., Widanarni, & Yuhana, M. (2015). Dietary synbiotic influence on the growth performances and immune responses to to-infection with infectious myonecrosis virus and Vibrio harveyi in Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 10(1):13-23.
Oktaviana, A., Widanarni, & Yuhana, M. (2014). The use of synbiotics to prevent IMNV and Vibrio harveyi co-infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 21(3):127-134.
Pacheco, P., Sierra, J., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Potter, C. W., Jones, B. M., & Moshref, M. (1993). Antiviral activity of chilean medicinal plant extracts. Phytotherapy Research, 7(6):415-418.
Pang, L., Zhang, X. H., Zhong, Y., Chen, J., Li, Y., & Austin, B. (2005). Identification of Vibrio harveyi using PCR amplification of the toxR gene. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 43(3):249-255.
Sarida, M., & Harpeni, E. (2010). Screening of potential probiotic Vibrio sp. against vibriosis in the Litopenaeus vannamei. Biosfera, 27(2):88-94.
Shahverdi, A. R., Monsef-Esfahani, H. R., Tavasoli, F., Zaheri, A., & Mirjani, R. (2007). Trans-cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil reduces the clindamycin resistance of Clostridium difficile in vitro. Journal of Food Science, 72(1):55-58.
Soto-Rodriguez, S. A., Gomez-Gil, B., Lozano-Olvera, R., Betancourt-Lozano, M., & Morales-Covarrubias, M. S. (2015). Field and experimental evidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus as the causative agent of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease of cultured shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Northwestern Mexico. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 81(5):1689-1699.
Sun, Q., Shang, B., Wang, L., Lu, Z., & Liu, Y. (2016). Cinnamaldehyde inhibits fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by modulating the oxidative stress response of Aspergillus flavus. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(3):1355-1364.
Suresh, P., Ingle, V. K., & Vijaya, L. V. (1992). Antibacterial activity of eugenol in comparison with other antibiotics. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 29:254-256.
Valente, C. D. S., & Wan, A. H. L. (2021). Vibrio and major commercially important vibriosis disease in decapod crustaceans. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 181:107527.
Vandenberghe, J., Li, Y., Verdonck, L., Li, J., Sorgeloss, P., Xu, H. S., & Swings, J. (1998). Vibrio associated with Penaeus chinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda) larvae in Chinese shrimp hatcheries. Aquaculture, 169(1-2):121-132.
Vasconcelos, N. G., Croda, J., & Simionatto, S. (2018). Antibacterial mechanisms of cinnamon and its constituents: A review. Microbial Pathogenesis, 120:198-203.
Widanarni, Soelistyowati, D. T., & Suwanto, A. (2008a). Administration of Vibrio SKT-b probiotic bacteria on tiger shrimp larvae through Artemia enrichment. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2):129-137.
Widanarni, Ayuzar, E., & Sukenda. (2008b). Inhibitory mechanism of probiotic bacteria on the growth of Vibrio harveyi in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 7(2):179-188.
Widanarni, Lidaenni, M. A., & Wahjuningrum, D. (2010). Effects of different doses of SKT-b Vibrio probiotic bacteria addition on survival and growth rate of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 9(1):21-29.
Widanarni, Widagdo, P., & Wahjuningrum, D. (2012a). Oral application of probiotic, prebiotic, and symbiotic in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Jurnal Akuakulture Indonesia, 11(1):54-63.
Widanarni, Wahjuningrum, D., & Puspita, F. (2012b). Application of probiotic bacteria through artificial feed to improve growth performance of windu shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Jurnal Sains Terapan, 2(1):32-49.
Wongsasak, U., Chaijamrus, S., Kumkhong, S., & Boonanuntanasarn, S. (2014). Effect of dietary supplementation with β-glucan and synbiotics on immune gene expression and immune parameters under ammonia stress in Pacific white shrimp. Aquaculture, 436:179-187.
Yeh, R. Y., Shiu, Y. L., Shei, S. C., Cheng, S. C., Huang, S. Y., Lin, J, C., & Liu, S. H. (2009). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaf and twig extracts of stout camphor tree, Cinnamomum kanehirae, and the effects on immunity and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 27(1):26-32.
Zhu, L., Andersen-Civil, A. I. S., Myhill, L. J., Thamsborg, S. M., Kot, W., Krych, L., Nielsen, D. S., Blanchard, A., & Williams, A. R. (2022). The phytonutrient cinnamaldehyde limits intestinal inflammation and enteric parasite infection. Journal of Nutrition Biochemistry, 100:108887.