Phytochemical Screening and Toxicity Test of Various Extracts from Microalgae <I>Dunaliella salina</I>

Yosi Yananda Sijabat; Wilis Ari Setyati; Retno Hartati

doi:10.20473/jipk.v15i1.36282

Issue

Vol. 15 No. 1 (2023): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN

Issue Published : January 29, 2023

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Submitted

June 1, 2022

Accepted

August 3, 2022

Published

January 27, 2023

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Fish Health Management Antioxidant, Medicinal Plants, and Antibacterial Microalgae, Plankton, Feed, Anti-Biofilm, and Nanoparticles

Phytochemical Screening and Toxicity Test of Various Extracts from Microalgae Dunaliella salina

https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v15i1.36282

Yosi Yananda Sijabat

Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275. Indonesia

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6837-7080

Wilis Ari Setyati

Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275. Indonesia

Retno Hartati

Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275. Indonesia

Corresponding Author(s) : Yosi Yananda Sijabat

yosijabat05@gmail.com

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 15 No. 1 (2023): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Article Published : January 27, 2023

Abstract

Highlight Research

Extract N-hexane of salina contains alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenols

Extract Ethyl Acetate of salina contains alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoid, and saponins

Extract Methanol of salina contains alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoid, and saponins

24- hours LC50 value of the n-hexane extract salina was 276 ppm, the ethyl acetate extract was 673 ppm and the methanol extract was 811 ppm. All of the three extracts were included in toxic category

Abstract

Microalgae are single celled microorganisms as the primary producers in the water food cycle. Microalgae bioactive compounds was estimated to be 10 times more diverse than compounds produced by land plants. Microalgae use nutrients more efficiently to grow, metabolize, and produce chemical compounds. Dunaliella salina is a type of chlorophyte microalgae with a lot of potential to be used in various fields. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compound content and the value of lethal toxicity (24-hour LC50) in microalgae D. salina extract with different solvents. The multistage maceration method uses n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol to extract samples. Phytochemical screening uses reagents according to the content of secondary metabolites. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method is used to test toxicity. The extracts were tested by using 10 Artemia salina against five concentrations, namely 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm. Toxicity data were processed through probit analysis to get the 24-hour LC50 value. The results showed that alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenols were found in the methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts. Saponin were found in the methanolic extracts. Flavonoid were found in the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The 24-hour LC50 value of the n-hexane extract was 276 ppm, the methanol extract was 811 ppm, and ethyl acetate extract was 673 ppm. The three extracts were included in toxic category. Extracts of microalgae D. salina have plenty secondary metabolite, that can be used in various fields and holds the potential as an anticancer.

Keywords

D. salina A. salina Phytochemical Compounds BSLT 24-hours LC50

Sijabat, Y. Y., Wilis Ari Setyati, & Retno Hartati. (2023). Phytochemical Screening and Toxicity Test of Various Extracts from Microalgae <I>Dunaliella salina</I>. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 15(1), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v15i1.36282

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References

Astarina, N. W. G., Astuti, K. W., & Warditiani, N. (2013). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak metanol rimpang bangle (Zingiber purpereum Roxb.). Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 2(4):1-6.
Balafif, R. A., Andayani, Y., & Gunawan, E. R. (2013). Analisis senyawa triterpenoid dari hasil fraksinasi ekstrak air buah buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn). Chemistry Progress, 6(2):56-61.
Cakmak, Y. S., Kaya, M., & Asan-Ozusaglam, M. (2014). Biochemical composition and bioactivity screening of various extract from Dunaliella salina, a green microalga. EXCLI Journal, 13:679-690.
Campo, V. L., Kawano, D. F., da Silva, D. B., & Carvalho, I. (2009). Carragenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis – A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77(2):167-180.
Cotas, J., Leandro, A., Monteiro, P., Pacheco, D., Figueirinha, A., Gonçalves, A. M. M., da Silva, G. J., & Pereira, L. (2020). Seaweed phenolics: from extraction to applications. Marine Drugs, 18(80):384.
Djokosetiyanto, D., Jubaedah, D., & Soni, A. F. M. (2007). Kualitas penetasan kista artemia yang dibudidaya pada berbagai tingkat perubahan salinitas. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia, 14(2):81-85.
Fatimah, R., & Santoso, B. S. A. (2020). Toksisitas akut dekok dan kersen (Muntingia calabura) menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). Pharmacy Medical Journal, 3(2):47-52.
Fithriani, D., Amini, S., Melanie, S., & Susilowati, R. (2015). Uji fitokimia, kandungan total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp., dan Nannochloropsis sp. Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan, 10(2):101-109.
Hanani, E. (2015). Analisis fitokimia. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.
Harborne, J. B. (1987). Metode fitokimia penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan. Bogor: ITB Press.
Kurniawan, H., & Ropiqa, M. (2021). Uji toksisitas ekstrak etanol daun ekor kucing (Acalypha hispida Burm.f.) dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research, 3(2):52-62.
Leksono, W. B., Pramesti, R., Santosa, G. W., & Setyati, W. A. (2018). Jenis pelarut metanol dan N-Heksana terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak rumput laut Gelidium sp. dari Pantai Drini Gunungkidul – Yogyakarta. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 21(1):9-16.
Mangirang, F., Maarisit, W., Mongi, J., Lengkey, Y. K., & Tulandi, S. (2019). Uji toksisitas daun pare Momordica charantia terdadap larva Artemia salina leach dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. Jurnal Biofamasetikal Tropis, 2(1):22-47.
Meyer, B. N., Ferrigni, N. R., Putnam, J. E., Jacobsen, L. B., Nichols, D. E., & McLaughlin, J. L. (1982). Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituent. Planta Medica, 45(5):31-34.
Muaja, A. D., Koleangan, H. S. J., & Runtuwene, M. R. J. (2013). Uji toksisitas dengan metode BSLT dan analisis kandungan fitokimia ekstrak daun soyogik (Saurauia bracteosa DC) dengan metode soxhletasi. Jurnal MIPA Unsrat, 2(2):115-118.
Nasrudin, N. (2017). Isolasi senyawa steroid dari kulit akar senggugu. Pharmacon, 6(3):332-340.
Nerdy, N., Lestari, P., Sinaga, J. P., Ginting, S., Zebua, N. F., Mierza, V., & Bakri, T. K. (2021). Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina Leach.) lethality test of ethanolic extract from green betel (Piper betle Linn.) and red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) through the soxhletation method for cytotoxicity test. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(A):407-412.
Novianti, T. (2019). Kajian pemanfaatan mikroalga Dunaliella salina sebagai produk fortifikasi pangan dengan pendekatan bioekonomi kelautan. Jurnal Mangifera Edu, 3(2):100-109.
Panggabean, M. G. L. (1984). Teknik penetasan dan pemanenan Artemia salina. Oseana, IX(2):57-65.
Puspa, O. E., Syahbanu, I., & Wibowo, M. A. (2017). Uji fitokimia dan toksisitas minyak atsiri daun pala (Myristica fragans Houtt) dari Pulau Lemukutan. Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa, 6(2):1-6.
Rajendran, N., Selvan, K. B., Piriya, S. P., Logeswari, V., Kathiresan, E., Tamilselvi, A., & Vennison, J. S. (2014). Phytochemicals, antimicrobial and antioxidant screening from five different marine microalgae. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2:78-85.
Ramachandran, S., Vamsikhrisna, M., Gowthami, K. V., Heera, B., & Dhanaraju, M. D. (2011). Assessment of cytotoxic activity of Agave cantula using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality bioassay. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 4(1):90-94.
Raposo, M. F. d. J., de Morais, R. M. S. C., & de Morais, A. M. M. B. (2013). Health applications of bioactive compounds from marine microalgae. Life Science, 93(15):479-486.
Riyanto, E. I., Widowati, I., & Sabdono, A. (2014). Skrining aktivitas antibakteri pada ekstrak Sargassum polycystum terhadap bakteri Vibrio harveyi dan Micrococcus luteus di Pulau Panjang Jepara. Journal of Marine Research, 3(2):115-121.
Rizkina, R. A., Yudiati, E., & Sedjati, S., (2013). Uji toksisitas ekstrak pigmen kasar mikroalga Spirulina plantensis dengan metode uji BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). Journal of Marine Research, 2(1):25-31.
Rusmawanto, R., Prajitnoe, A., & Yuniarti, A. (2019). Minimum Inhibitory concentration of marine microalgae Dunaliella salina on fish pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. Research Journal of Life Science, 6(2):72-82.
Santi, I. W., Radjasa, O. K., & Widowati, I. (2014). Potensi rumput laut Sargassum duplicatum sebagai sumber senyawa antifouling. Journal of Marine Research, 3(3):274-284.
Sarker, S. D., Latif, Z., & Gray, A. I. (2006). Natural products isolation. New Jersey: Humana Press.
Septiadi, T., Pringgenies, D., & Radjasa, O. K. (2013). Uji fitokimia dan aktivitas antijamur ekstrak teripang keling (Holoturia atra) dari Pantai Bandengan Jepara terhadap jamur Candida albicans. Journal of Marine Research, 2(2):76-84.
Setha, B., Gaspersz, F. F., Idris, A. P. S., Rahman, S., & Mailoa, M. N. (2013). Potential of seaweed Padina sp. as a source of antioxidant. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 2(6):221-224.
Singh, P., Baranwal, M., & Reddy, S. M. (2016). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of carotenes produced by Dunaliella salina under stress. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(10):2269-2275.
Suryaningtyas, I. T. (2019). Senyawa bioaktif mikroalga dan prospeknya di masa depan. Oseana, 44(1):15-25.
Widowati, I., Jainuri, M., Kusumaningrum, H. P., Susilowati, R., Hardivilier, Y., Leignel, V., Bourgougnon, N., & Mouget, J. L. (2017). Antioxidant activity of three microalgae Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis chuii and Isochrysis galbana clone tahiti. IOP Conf Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 01(20):67.
Zainuddin, M. (2017). Aktivitas antioksidan biopigmen Dunaliella salina pada media kultur hiposlin dan hipersalin. Jurnal Enggano, 2(1):25-38.
Zuraida. (2018). Analisis toksisitas beberapa tumbuhan hutan dengan metode Brine shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 36(3):239-246.

References

Astarina, N. W. G., Astuti, K. W., & Warditiani, N. (2013). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak metanol rimpang bangle (Zingiber purpereum Roxb.). Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 2(4):1-6.

Balafif, R. A., Andayani, Y., & Gunawan, E. R. (2013). Analisis senyawa triterpenoid dari hasil fraksinasi ekstrak air buah buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn). Chemistry Progress, 6(2):56-61.

Cakmak, Y. S., Kaya, M., & Asan-Ozusaglam, M. (2014). Biochemical composition and bioactivity screening of various extract from Dunaliella salina, a green microalga. EXCLI Journal, 13:679-690.

Campo, V. L., Kawano, D. F., da Silva, D. B., & Carvalho, I. (2009). Carragenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis – A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77(2):167-180.

Cotas, J., Leandro, A., Monteiro, P., Pacheco, D., Figueirinha, A., Gonçalves, A. M. M., da Silva, G. J., & Pereira, L. (2020). Seaweed phenolics: from extraction to applications. Marine Drugs, 18(80):384.

Djokosetiyanto, D., Jubaedah, D., & Soni, A. F. M. (2007). Kualitas penetasan kista artemia yang dibudidaya pada berbagai tingkat perubahan salinitas. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia, 14(2):81-85.

Fatimah, R., & Santoso, B. S. A. (2020). Toksisitas akut dekok dan kersen (Muntingia calabura) menggunakan metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). Pharmacy Medical Journal, 3(2):47-52.

Fithriani, D., Amini, S., Melanie, S., & Susilowati, R. (2015). Uji fitokimia, kandungan total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan rumput laut Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp., dan Nannochloropsis sp. Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan, 10(2):101-109.

Hanani, E. (2015). Analisis fitokimia. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.

Harborne, J. B. (1987). Metode fitokimia penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan. Bogor: ITB Press.

Kurniawan, H., & Ropiqa, M. (2021). Uji toksisitas ekstrak etanol daun ekor kucing (Acalypha hispida Burm.f.) dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research, 3(2):52-62.

Leksono, W. B., Pramesti, R., Santosa, G. W., & Setyati, W. A. (2018). Jenis pelarut metanol dan N-Heksana terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak rumput laut Gelidium sp. dari Pantai Drini Gunungkidul – Yogyakarta. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 21(1):9-16.

Mangirang, F., Maarisit, W., Mongi, J., Lengkey, Y. K., & Tulandi, S. (2019). Uji toksisitas daun pare Momordica charantia terdadap larva Artemia salina leach dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. Jurnal Biofamasetikal Tropis, 2(1):22-47.

Meyer, B. N., Ferrigni, N. R., Putnam, J. E., Jacobsen, L. B., Nichols, D. E., & McLaughlin, J. L. (1982). Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituent. Planta Medica, 45(5):31-34.

Muaja, A. D., Koleangan, H. S. J., & Runtuwene, M. R. J. (2013). Uji toksisitas dengan metode BSLT dan analisis kandungan fitokimia ekstrak daun soyogik (Saurauia bracteosa DC) dengan metode soxhletasi. Jurnal MIPA Unsrat, 2(2):115-118.

Nasrudin, N. (2017). Isolasi senyawa steroid dari kulit akar senggugu. Pharmacon, 6(3):332-340.

Nerdy, N., Lestari, P., Sinaga, J. P., Ginting, S., Zebua, N. F., Mierza, V., & Bakri, T. K. (2021). Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina Leach.) lethality test of ethanolic extract from green betel (Piper betle Linn.) and red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) through the soxhletation method for cytotoxicity test. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(A):407-412.

Novianti, T. (2019). Kajian pemanfaatan mikroalga Dunaliella salina sebagai produk fortifikasi pangan dengan pendekatan bioekonomi kelautan. Jurnal Mangifera Edu, 3(2):100-109.

Panggabean, M. G. L. (1984). Teknik penetasan dan pemanenan Artemia salina. Oseana, IX(2):57-65.

Puspa, O. E., Syahbanu, I., & Wibowo, M. A. (2017). Uji fitokimia dan toksisitas minyak atsiri daun pala (Myristica fragans Houtt) dari Pulau Lemukutan. Jurnal Kimia Khatulistiwa, 6(2):1-6.

Rajendran, N., Selvan, K. B., Piriya, S. P., Logeswari, V., Kathiresan, E., Tamilselvi, A., & Vennison, J. S. (2014). Phytochemicals, antimicrobial and antioxidant screening from five different marine microalgae. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2:78-85.

Ramachandran, S., Vamsikhrisna, M., Gowthami, K. V., Heera, B., & Dhanaraju, M. D. (2011). Assessment of cytotoxic activity of Agave cantula using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality bioassay. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 4(1):90-94.

Raposo, M. F. d. J., de Morais, R. M. S. C., & de Morais, A. M. M. B. (2013). Health applications of bioactive compounds from marine microalgae. Life Science, 93(15):479-486.

Riyanto, E. I., Widowati, I., & Sabdono, A. (2014). Skrining aktivitas antibakteri pada ekstrak Sargassum polycystum terhadap bakteri Vibrio harveyi dan Micrococcus luteus di Pulau Panjang Jepara. Journal of Marine Research, 3(2):115-121.

Rizkina, R. A., Yudiati, E., & Sedjati, S., (2013). Uji toksisitas ekstrak pigmen kasar mikroalga Spirulina plantensis dengan metode uji BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). Journal of Marine Research, 2(1):25-31.

Rusmawanto, R., Prajitnoe, A., & Yuniarti, A. (2019). Minimum Inhibitory concentration of marine microalgae Dunaliella salina on fish pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. Research Journal of Life Science, 6(2):72-82.

Santi, I. W., Radjasa, O. K., & Widowati, I. (2014). Potensi rumput laut Sargassum duplicatum sebagai sumber senyawa antifouling. Journal of Marine Research, 3(3):274-284.

Sarker, S. D., Latif, Z., & Gray, A. I. (2006). Natural products isolation. New Jersey: Humana Press.

Septiadi, T., Pringgenies, D., & Radjasa, O. K. (2013). Uji fitokimia dan aktivitas antijamur ekstrak teripang keling (Holoturia atra) dari Pantai Bandengan Jepara terhadap jamur Candida albicans. Journal of Marine Research, 2(2):76-84.

Setha, B., Gaspersz, F. F., Idris, A. P. S., Rahman, S., & Mailoa, M. N. (2013). Potential of seaweed Padina sp. as a source of antioxidant. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 2(6):221-224.

Singh, P., Baranwal, M., & Reddy, S. M. (2016). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of carotenes produced by Dunaliella salina under stress. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(10):2269-2275.

Suryaningtyas, I. T. (2019). Senyawa bioaktif mikroalga dan prospeknya di masa depan. Oseana, 44(1):15-25.

Widowati, I., Jainuri, M., Kusumaningrum, H. P., Susilowati, R., Hardivilier, Y., Leignel, V., Bourgougnon, N., & Mouget, J. L. (2017). Antioxidant activity of three microalgae Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis chuii and Isochrysis galbana clone tahiti. IOP Conf Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 01(20):67.

Zainuddin, M. (2017). Aktivitas antioksidan biopigmen Dunaliella salina pada media kultur hiposlin dan hipersalin. Jurnal Enggano, 2(1):25-38.

Zuraida. (2018). Analisis toksisitas beberapa tumbuhan hutan dengan metode Brine shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 36(3):239-246.