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Modified Media for Fungi Symbiont Sponge Agelas sp. (Fusarium sp.) Cultivation against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Corresponding Author(s) : Khoeruddin Wittriansyah
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 15 No. 2 (2023): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Highlight Research
- Fusarium symbiont Agelas sponge has antibacterial activity against aureus and E. coli Multi Drug Resistant
- Fusarium can grow on modified media soursop juice (SJ) and ginger juice (GJ) and has different inhibitory abilities against bacteria test
- Fusarium bioactive compounds were analyzed and purified by HPLC
- Based on TLC visualization, one of the bioactive compounds contained in Fusarium is a steroid group
Abstract
Marine symbiont fungi, specifically, are likely to have antibacterial properties. The production of secondary metabolites in cultures is strongly influenced by nutrient availability. This study aimed to study the modified media for the cultivation of Fusarium sp. and its antibacterial bioactivity. Fusarium sp. was isolated from Agelas sp. sponge collected from Riung Sea, East South Nusa, Indonesia. In this study, the modified media was soursop juice (SJ), ginger juice (GJ), and sago (S). The fungal mycelium was cultured and scaled up for 7–14 days until the mycelium achieved maximum growth. A filtrationfunnel and HPLC were used to purify the bioactive compounds. The diffusion agar method was used to test antibacterial activity against the multi-drug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcusaureus and Escherichiacoli. The results indicated that Fusarium sp. could grow on soursop juice and ginger juice but could not grow on sago media. The inhibition zone produced by the filtration fraction of Fusarium sp. from each media differed. The soursop juice media produced the largest inhibition zone against both S. aureus (11.56 mm ± 0.140) and E. coli (12.16 mm ± 0.094) at 100 μg/disc. The ginger juice (GJ) and soursop juice (SJ) media are promising as alternative culture media for Fusarium sp. The structure of the bioactive compound Fusarium sp. from GJ and MJ media culture can be further investigated using NMR.
Keywords
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- Aldred, D., Magan, N., & Lane, B. S. (1999). Influence of water activity and nutrients on growth and production of squalestatin S1 by a Phoma sp. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 87(6):842-848.
- Atalla, M. M., Hamed, E. R., El-Shami, A. R. (2008). Optimization of a culture medium for increased mevinolin production by Aspergillus terreus strain. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 4(2):6-10.
- Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L, Schäffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., & Lipman, D. J. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 25(17):3389-3402.
- Aryanta, I. W. R. (2019). Manfaat jahe untuk kesehatan. Widya Kesehatan, 1(2):39-43.
- Belofsky, G. N., Jensen, P. R., & Fenical, W. (1999). Sansalvamide: A new cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide produced by a marine fungus of the genus Fusarium. Tetrahedron Letters, 40(15):2913-2916.
- Bills, G. F., Platas, G., Fillola, a., Jiménez, M. R., Collado, J., Vicente, F., Martín, J., González, A., Bur-Zimmermann, J., Tormo, J. R., & Peláez, F. (2008). Enhancement of antibiotic and secondary metabolite detection from filamentous fungi by growth on nutritional arrays. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104(6):1644-1658.
- Bugni, T. S., & Ireland, C. M. (2004). Marine-derived fungi: a chemically and biologically diverse group of microorganisms. Natural Product Reports, 21(1):143-163.
- Cao, Q. X., Wei, J. H., Deng, R., Feng, G. K., Zhu, X. F., Lan, W. J., & Li, H. J. (2017). Two new Pyripyropenes from the Marine Fungus Fusarium lateritium 2016F18-1. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(3):e1600298.
- Crueger, W., Crueger, A., Brock, T. D. (1989). Biotechnology: a textbook of industrial microbiology (2nd ed.). Sunderland, USA: Sinauer Associates.
- Fredricks, D. N., Smith, C., & Meier, A. (2005). Comparison of six DNA extraction methods for recovery of fungal DNA as assessed by quantitative PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(10):5122-5128.
- Gao, Y., Stuhldreier, F., Schmitt, L., Wesselborg, S., Guo, Z., Zou, K., Mándi, A., Kurtán, T., Liu, Z., & Proksch, P. (2020). Induction of New lactam derivatives from the endophytic fungus Aplosporella javeedii through an OSMAC approach. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11(600983):1-13.
- Grandes-Blanco, A. I., Antonio-Flores, A. L., Garcia-Barrientos, R., Tlecuitl-Beristain, S., Diaz-Godinez, G., & Sanchez-Minutti, L. (2020). Agro-food waste employed to design and develop culture media for fungal growth. Journal of Environmental Biology, 41(2):195-201.
- Gupta, V. K., Gaur, R., Gautam, N., Kumar, P., Yadav, I. J., & Darmwal, N. S. (2009). Optimization of xylanase production from Fusarium solani F7. American Journal of Food Technology, 4(1):20-29.
- Handoyo, D., & Rudiretna, A. (2000). Prinsip umum dan pelaksanaan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [General Principles and Implementation of Polymerase Chain Reaction]. Unitas, 9(1):17-29.
- Harmayani, E., Anal, A. K., Wichienchot, S., Bhat, R., Gardjito, M., Santoso, U., Siripongvutikorn, S., Puripaatanavong, J., & Payyappallimana, U. (2019). Healthy food traditions of Asia: Exploratory case studies from Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Nepal. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 6(1):1-18.
- Hedner, E. (2007). Bioactive compounds in the chemical defence of marine sponges. Dissertation. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University.
- Indriaty, F. (2014). Pengaruh variasi penambahan sari buah sirsak terhadap mutu kembang gula keras (Effect of the addition of soursop extract on the quality of hard candy). Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Industri, 6(2):71-82.
- Jansen, N., Ohlendorf, B., Erhard, A., Bruhn, T., Bringmann, G., & Imhoff, J. F. (2013). Helicusin E, Isochromophilone X and Isochromophilone XI: New chloroazaphilones produced by the fungus Bartalinia robillardoides strain LF550. Marine Drugs, 11(3):800-816.
- Karimi, S., Soofiani, N. M., Lundh, T., Mahboubi, A., Kiessling, A., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2019). Evaluation of filamentous fungal biomass cultivated on vinasse as an alternative nutrient source of fish feed: Protein, lipid, and mineral composition. Fermentation, 5(99):1-17.
- Kasitowati, R. D., Wittriansyah, K., Trianto, A., Pratiwi, D. C., & Panjaitan, M. A. P. (2019). Antifungal activity of marine sponges (Class Demospongiae) collected from Biak, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 236(012102):1-7.
- Lawrence, R. N. (1999). Rediscovering natural product biodiversity. Drug Discovery Today, 4(10):449-451.
- Lay, B. W. (1994). Analisis mikroba di laboratorium. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
- Lee, Y. K., Lee, J. H., & Lee, H. K. (2001). Microbial symbiosis in marine sponges. Journal of Microbiology, 39(4):254-264.
- Lee, Y. M., Li, H., Hong, J., Cho, H. Y., Bae, K. S., Kim, M. A., Kim, D.-K., & Jung, J. H. (2010). Bioactive metabolites from the sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 33(2):231-235.
- Lee, D. S., Jang, J. H., Ko, W., Kim, K. S., Sohn, J. H., Kang, M. S., Ahn, J. S., Kim, Y. C., & Oh, H. (2013). PTP1B inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects of secondary metabolites isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. JF-55. Marine Drugs, 11(4):1409-1426.
- Li, Q., & Wang, G. (2009). Diversity of fungal isolates from three Hawaiian marine sponges. Microbiological Research, 164(2):233-241.
- Lestari, E. S., Severin, J. A., Filius, P. M. G., Kuntaman, K., Duerink, D. O., Hadi, U., Wahjono, H., & Verbrugh, H. A. (2008). Antimicrobial resistance among commensal isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the Indonesian population inside and outside hospitals. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 27(1):45-51.
- Manitto, P. (1981). Biosynthesis of natural products. New York: Ellis Horwood Publishing Limited.
- Moghadamtousi, S. Z., Nikzad, S., Kadir, H. A., Abubakar, S., & Zandi, K. (2015). Potential antiviral agents from marine fungi: An overview. Marine Drugs, 13(7):4520-4538.
- Moore, D. (1998). Fungal morphogenesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mutakin, M., Fauziati, R., Fadhilah, F. N., Zuhrotun, A., Amalia, R., & Hadisaputri, Y. E. (2022). Pharmacological activities of soursop (Annona muricata Lin.). Molecules, 27(4):1201.
- Nofiani, R. (2008). Urgensi dan mekanisme biosintesis metabolit sekunder mikroba laut. Jurnal Natur Indonesia, 10(2):120-125.
- Paturau, J. M. (1969). By-products of the cane sugar industry. An introduction to their industrial utilization. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
- Pitt, J., & Hocking, D. (1997). Fungi and food spoilage (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
- Pringgenies, D., Setyati, W. A., Djunaedi, A., Pramesti, R., Rudiyanti, S., & Ariyanto, D. (2021). Exploration of antimicrobial potency of mangrove symbiont against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 13(2):102-112.
- Radjasa, O. K., Salasia, S. I. O., Sabdono, A., Weise, J., Imhoff, J. F., Lämmler, C., & Risk, M. J. (2007). Antibacterial activity of marine bacterium Pseudomonas sp. associated with soft coral Sinularia polydactyla against Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. International Journal of Pharmacology, 3(2):170-174.
- Rajasekar, T., Balaji, S., Kumaran, S., Deivasigamani, B., & Pugzhavendhan, S. R. (2012). Isolation and characterization of Marine fungal metabolites against clinical pathogens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2(Supplement 1):S387-S392.
- Romano, S., Jackson, S. A., Patry, S., & Dobson, A. D. W. (2018). Extending the "one strain many compounds” (OSMAC) principle to marine microorganisms. Marine Drugs, 16(7):1-29.
- Sabdaningsih, A., Liu, Y., Mettal, U., Heep, J., Riyanti, Wang, L., Cristianawati, O., Nuryadi, H., Sibero, M. T., Marner, M., Radjasa, O. K., Sabdono, A., Trianto, A., & Schäberle, T. F. (2020). A new citrinin derivative from the Indonesian marine sponge-associated fungus Penicillium citrinum. Marine Drugs, 18(4):227.
- Sakri, F. M. (2015). Madu dan khasiatnya. Yogyakarta: Diandra Pustaka Indonesia.
- Seifert K. A. (1996). FusKey: fusarium interactive key. Canada: Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada.
- Septiana, E., & Simanjuntak, P. (2017). Pengaruh kondisi kultur yang berbeda terhadap aktivitas antioksidan metabolit sekunder kapang endofit asal akar kunyit. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 22(1):31-36.
- Shareef, S. A. (2019). Formulation of alternative culture media from natural plant protein sources for cultivation of different bacteria and fungi. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31(4):61-69.
- Sharma, G., & Pandey, R. R. (2010). Influence of culture media on growth, colony character and sporulation of fungi isolated from decaying vegetable wastes. Journal of Yeast and Fungi Research, 1(8):157-164.
- Sidiq, F. F., Coles, D., Hubbard, C., Clark, B., & Frewer, L. J. (2021). Sago and the indigenous peoples of Papua, Indonesia: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 2(2):138-149.
- Stanbury, P. F., Whitaker, A., & Hall, S. J. (2017). Principles of fermentation technology (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd.
- Terkina, I. A., Parfenova, V. V., & Ahn, T. S. (2006). Antagonistic activity of actinomycetes of Lake Baikal. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 42:173-176.
- Trianto, A., Radjasa, O. K., Pribadi, R., Widyaningsih, S., Wittriansyah, K., Yusidharta, I., Wiratno, & Riniatsih, I. (2017). Isolation and identification of sponge-associated fungus producing Anti Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial substances. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8(6):63-71.
- Touchstone, J. C., & Dobbins, M. F. (1983). Practice of thin layer chromatography (2nd ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
- Waluyo, L. (2005). Mikrobiologi umum. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Press.
- Wittriansyah, K., Trianto, A., Widyaningsih, S., Radjasa, O. K., & Pribadi, R. (2016). Screening of antibacterial MDR derived from sponge associated fungus of Riung Water, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Ilmu Kelautan, 21(4):197-202.
- Widyaningsih, S., Trianto, A., Radjasa, O. K., & Wittriansyah, K. (2018). Antibacterial activity symbiotic fungi of marine sponge Axinella sp., Aspergillus Sydowii on four growth medium. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 116(012084):1-8.
- Zheng, C. J., Shao, C. L., Wu, L. Y., Chen, M., Wang, K. L., Zhao, D. L., Sun, X. P., Chen, G. Y., & Wang, C. Y. (2013). Bioactive phenylalanine derivatives and cytochalasins from the soft coral-derived fungus, Aspergillus elegans. Marine Drugs, 11(6):2054-2068.
- Zhao, D., Han, X., Wang, D., Liu, M., Gou, J., Peng, Y., Liu, J., Li, Y., Cao, F., & Zhang, C. (2019). Bioactive 3-decalinoyltetramic acids derivatives from a marine-derived strain of the fungus Fusarium equiseti D39. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(1285):1-10.
- Zuhairah, N. S. T., Ginting, E. B. R., Romatua D. G., & Fahdi, F. (2019). Identifikasi kadar glukosa dan sukrosa pada madu hutan. Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal, 1(2):5-10.
References
Aldred, D., Magan, N., & Lane, B. S. (1999). Influence of water activity and nutrients on growth and production of squalestatin S1 by a Phoma sp. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 87(6):842-848.
Atalla, M. M., Hamed, E. R., El-Shami, A. R. (2008). Optimization of a culture medium for increased mevinolin production by Aspergillus terreus strain. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 4(2):6-10.
Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L, Schäffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., & Lipman, D. J. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 25(17):3389-3402.
Aryanta, I. W. R. (2019). Manfaat jahe untuk kesehatan. Widya Kesehatan, 1(2):39-43.
Belofsky, G. N., Jensen, P. R., & Fenical, W. (1999). Sansalvamide: A new cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide produced by a marine fungus of the genus Fusarium. Tetrahedron Letters, 40(15):2913-2916.
Bills, G. F., Platas, G., Fillola, a., Jiménez, M. R., Collado, J., Vicente, F., Martín, J., González, A., Bur-Zimmermann, J., Tormo, J. R., & Peláez, F. (2008). Enhancement of antibiotic and secondary metabolite detection from filamentous fungi by growth on nutritional arrays. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104(6):1644-1658.
Bugni, T. S., & Ireland, C. M. (2004). Marine-derived fungi: a chemically and biologically diverse group of microorganisms. Natural Product Reports, 21(1):143-163.
Cao, Q. X., Wei, J. H., Deng, R., Feng, G. K., Zhu, X. F., Lan, W. J., & Li, H. J. (2017). Two new Pyripyropenes from the Marine Fungus Fusarium lateritium 2016F18-1. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(3):e1600298.
Crueger, W., Crueger, A., Brock, T. D. (1989). Biotechnology: a textbook of industrial microbiology (2nd ed.). Sunderland, USA: Sinauer Associates.
Fredricks, D. N., Smith, C., & Meier, A. (2005). Comparison of six DNA extraction methods for recovery of fungal DNA as assessed by quantitative PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(10):5122-5128.
Gao, Y., Stuhldreier, F., Schmitt, L., Wesselborg, S., Guo, Z., Zou, K., Mándi, A., Kurtán, T., Liu, Z., & Proksch, P. (2020). Induction of New lactam derivatives from the endophytic fungus Aplosporella javeedii through an OSMAC approach. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11(600983):1-13.
Grandes-Blanco, A. I., Antonio-Flores, A. L., Garcia-Barrientos, R., Tlecuitl-Beristain, S., Diaz-Godinez, G., & Sanchez-Minutti, L. (2020). Agro-food waste employed to design and develop culture media for fungal growth. Journal of Environmental Biology, 41(2):195-201.
Gupta, V. K., Gaur, R., Gautam, N., Kumar, P., Yadav, I. J., & Darmwal, N. S. (2009). Optimization of xylanase production from Fusarium solani F7. American Journal of Food Technology, 4(1):20-29.
Handoyo, D., & Rudiretna, A. (2000). Prinsip umum dan pelaksanaan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [General Principles and Implementation of Polymerase Chain Reaction]. Unitas, 9(1):17-29.
Harmayani, E., Anal, A. K., Wichienchot, S., Bhat, R., Gardjito, M., Santoso, U., Siripongvutikorn, S., Puripaatanavong, J., & Payyappallimana, U. (2019). Healthy food traditions of Asia: Exploratory case studies from Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Nepal. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 6(1):1-18.
Hedner, E. (2007). Bioactive compounds in the chemical defence of marine sponges. Dissertation. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University.
Indriaty, F. (2014). Pengaruh variasi penambahan sari buah sirsak terhadap mutu kembang gula keras (Effect of the addition of soursop extract on the quality of hard candy). Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Industri, 6(2):71-82.
Jansen, N., Ohlendorf, B., Erhard, A., Bruhn, T., Bringmann, G., & Imhoff, J. F. (2013). Helicusin E, Isochromophilone X and Isochromophilone XI: New chloroazaphilones produced by the fungus Bartalinia robillardoides strain LF550. Marine Drugs, 11(3):800-816.
Karimi, S., Soofiani, N. M., Lundh, T., Mahboubi, A., Kiessling, A., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2019). Evaluation of filamentous fungal biomass cultivated on vinasse as an alternative nutrient source of fish feed: Protein, lipid, and mineral composition. Fermentation, 5(99):1-17.
Kasitowati, R. D., Wittriansyah, K., Trianto, A., Pratiwi, D. C., & Panjaitan, M. A. P. (2019). Antifungal activity of marine sponges (Class Demospongiae) collected from Biak, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 236(012102):1-7.
Lawrence, R. N. (1999). Rediscovering natural product biodiversity. Drug Discovery Today, 4(10):449-451.
Lay, B. W. (1994). Analisis mikroba di laboratorium. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Lee, Y. K., Lee, J. H., & Lee, H. K. (2001). Microbial symbiosis in marine sponges. Journal of Microbiology, 39(4):254-264.
Lee, Y. M., Li, H., Hong, J., Cho, H. Y., Bae, K. S., Kim, M. A., Kim, D.-K., & Jung, J. H. (2010). Bioactive metabolites from the sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 33(2):231-235.
Lee, D. S., Jang, J. H., Ko, W., Kim, K. S., Sohn, J. H., Kang, M. S., Ahn, J. S., Kim, Y. C., & Oh, H. (2013). PTP1B inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects of secondary metabolites isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. JF-55. Marine Drugs, 11(4):1409-1426.
Li, Q., & Wang, G. (2009). Diversity of fungal isolates from three Hawaiian marine sponges. Microbiological Research, 164(2):233-241.
Lestari, E. S., Severin, J. A., Filius, P. M. G., Kuntaman, K., Duerink, D. O., Hadi, U., Wahjono, H., & Verbrugh, H. A. (2008). Antimicrobial resistance among commensal isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the Indonesian population inside and outside hospitals. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 27(1):45-51.
Manitto, P. (1981). Biosynthesis of natural products. New York: Ellis Horwood Publishing Limited.
Moghadamtousi, S. Z., Nikzad, S., Kadir, H. A., Abubakar, S., & Zandi, K. (2015). Potential antiviral agents from marine fungi: An overview. Marine Drugs, 13(7):4520-4538.
Moore, D. (1998). Fungal morphogenesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mutakin, M., Fauziati, R., Fadhilah, F. N., Zuhrotun, A., Amalia, R., & Hadisaputri, Y. E. (2022). Pharmacological activities of soursop (Annona muricata Lin.). Molecules, 27(4):1201.
Nofiani, R. (2008). Urgensi dan mekanisme biosintesis metabolit sekunder mikroba laut. Jurnal Natur Indonesia, 10(2):120-125.
Paturau, J. M. (1969). By-products of the cane sugar industry. An introduction to their industrial utilization. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
Pitt, J., & Hocking, D. (1997). Fungi and food spoilage (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
Pringgenies, D., Setyati, W. A., Djunaedi, A., Pramesti, R., Rudiyanti, S., & Ariyanto, D. (2021). Exploration of antimicrobial potency of mangrove symbiont against multi-drug resistant bacteria. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 13(2):102-112.
Radjasa, O. K., Salasia, S. I. O., Sabdono, A., Weise, J., Imhoff, J. F., Lämmler, C., & Risk, M. J. (2007). Antibacterial activity of marine bacterium Pseudomonas sp. associated with soft coral Sinularia polydactyla against Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. International Journal of Pharmacology, 3(2):170-174.
Rajasekar, T., Balaji, S., Kumaran, S., Deivasigamani, B., & Pugzhavendhan, S. R. (2012). Isolation and characterization of Marine fungal metabolites against clinical pathogens. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2(Supplement 1):S387-S392.
Romano, S., Jackson, S. A., Patry, S., & Dobson, A. D. W. (2018). Extending the "one strain many compounds” (OSMAC) principle to marine microorganisms. Marine Drugs, 16(7):1-29.
Sabdaningsih, A., Liu, Y., Mettal, U., Heep, J., Riyanti, Wang, L., Cristianawati, O., Nuryadi, H., Sibero, M. T., Marner, M., Radjasa, O. K., Sabdono, A., Trianto, A., & Schäberle, T. F. (2020). A new citrinin derivative from the Indonesian marine sponge-associated fungus Penicillium citrinum. Marine Drugs, 18(4):227.
Sakri, F. M. (2015). Madu dan khasiatnya. Yogyakarta: Diandra Pustaka Indonesia.
Seifert K. A. (1996). FusKey: fusarium interactive key. Canada: Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada.
Septiana, E., & Simanjuntak, P. (2017). Pengaruh kondisi kultur yang berbeda terhadap aktivitas antioksidan metabolit sekunder kapang endofit asal akar kunyit. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 22(1):31-36.
Shareef, S. A. (2019). Formulation of alternative culture media from natural plant protein sources for cultivation of different bacteria and fungi. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31(4):61-69.
Sharma, G., & Pandey, R. R. (2010). Influence of culture media on growth, colony character and sporulation of fungi isolated from decaying vegetable wastes. Journal of Yeast and Fungi Research, 1(8):157-164.
Sidiq, F. F., Coles, D., Hubbard, C., Clark, B., & Frewer, L. J. (2021). Sago and the indigenous peoples of Papua, Indonesia: A review. Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology, 2(2):138-149.
Stanbury, P. F., Whitaker, A., & Hall, S. J. (2017). Principles of fermentation technology (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd.
Terkina, I. A., Parfenova, V. V., & Ahn, T. S. (2006). Antagonistic activity of actinomycetes of Lake Baikal. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 42:173-176.
Trianto, A., Radjasa, O. K., Pribadi, R., Widyaningsih, S., Wittriansyah, K., Yusidharta, I., Wiratno, & Riniatsih, I. (2017). Isolation and identification of sponge-associated fungus producing Anti Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial substances. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences, 8(6):63-71.
Touchstone, J. C., & Dobbins, M. F. (1983). Practice of thin layer chromatography (2nd ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
Waluyo, L. (2005). Mikrobiologi umum. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang Press.
Wittriansyah, K., Trianto, A., Widyaningsih, S., Radjasa, O. K., & Pribadi, R. (2016). Screening of antibacterial MDR derived from sponge associated fungus of Riung Water, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Ilmu Kelautan, 21(4):197-202.
Widyaningsih, S., Trianto, A., Radjasa, O. K., & Wittriansyah, K. (2018). Antibacterial activity symbiotic fungi of marine sponge Axinella sp., Aspergillus Sydowii on four growth medium. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 116(012084):1-8.
Zheng, C. J., Shao, C. L., Wu, L. Y., Chen, M., Wang, K. L., Zhao, D. L., Sun, X. P., Chen, G. Y., & Wang, C. Y. (2013). Bioactive phenylalanine derivatives and cytochalasins from the soft coral-derived fungus, Aspergillus elegans. Marine Drugs, 11(6):2054-2068.
Zhao, D., Han, X., Wang, D., Liu, M., Gou, J., Peng, Y., Liu, J., Li, Y., Cao, F., & Zhang, C. (2019). Bioactive 3-decalinoyltetramic acids derivatives from a marine-derived strain of the fungus Fusarium equiseti D39. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10(1285):1-10.
Zuhairah, N. S. T., Ginting, E. B. R., Romatua D. G., & Fahdi, F. (2019). Identifikasi kadar glukosa dan sukrosa pada madu hutan. Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal, 1(2):5-10.