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High and Low Taxa Specificity of Rhizosphere Bacteria Communities of Mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) from Kuala Langsa and Telaga Tujuh Island, East Aceh
Corresponding Author(s) : Meutia Samira Ismet
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 16 No. 2 (2024): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Highlight Research
- Bacteria from mangrove sediment have been identified, and environmental parameters have been analyzed.
- The relationship between rhizosphere bacteria and the environment has been analyzed.
- The distribution and abundance of rhizosphere bacteria differ between Kuala Langsa and Telaga Tujuh.
- The diversity and abundance of rhizosphere bacteria are not influenced by environmental parameters.
Abstract
The focus of this study on understanding the structure and dynamics of rhizosphere bacteria in mangrove ecosystems is driven by the increasing acknowledgment of the crucial roles these microorganisms play in ecosystem functioning. Rhizophora mucronata, a key mangrove species, is known for its ecological significance. Investigating the bacteria associated with its rhizosphere offers valuable information about the symbiotic relationships between mangrove vegetation and microbial communities. Bacteria are vital for decomposition and nutrient availability in mangroves. This research examines sediment from rehabilitated and natural areas to understand how human and natural factors shape bacterial communities.The DNA sequence was analyzed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), which targeted the 16S bacterial region in the V3-V4 rDNA. Additionally, environmental factors such as nitrate, phosphate, and sulfur content were also analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis and T-test statistical analyses were used to examine the abundance of bacteria and environmental parameters between study sites.There are differences in the types of bacteria found in Kuala Langsa and Telaga Tujuh. Approximately 7% of the rhizosphere bacterial groups were exclusively detected in Telaga Tujuh, such as Fusobacteriia (Class). Additionally, the abundance of bacteria at both locations differs significantly (p < 0.05), as determined by Kruskal-Wallis. The results of the t-test indicate that the observed environmental parameters do not differ significantly from each other. The environmental parameters studied did not significantly impact the types or abundance of detected rhizosphere bacteria.
Keywords
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- Andriyani, L. W., Geoffrey, B. D., & Samira, I. M. (2020). Relationship Between Gastropods (Cassidula nucleus and Cassidula vespertilionis) and Mangroves (Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba) in Rehabilitated Mangrove Ecosystem in Pantai Indah Kapuk, Jakarta, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 13(4):2327-2335.
- Basak, P., Majumder, N.S., Nag, S., Bhattacharyya, A., Roy, D., Chakraborty, A., SenGupta, S., Roy, A., Mukherjee, A., Pattanayak, R. & Ghosh, A. (2015). Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in Sediments of Sundarbans Using Parallel 16S rRNA Gene Tag Sequencing. Microbial Ecology, 69(1):500-511.
- Baskaran, V., Mahalakshmi, A., & Pravavathy, V. R. (2023). Mangoves: A Hotspot for Novel Bacterial and Archaeal Diversity. Rhizosphere. 27(1): 1-16.
- Bolyen, E., Rideout, J. R., Dillon, M. R., Bokulich, N. A., Abnet, C. C., Al¬ghalith, G. A., Alexander, H., Alm, E. J., Arumugam, M., Asnicar, F., Bai, Y., Bisanz, J. E., Bittinger, K., Brejnrod, A., Brislawn, C. J., Brown, T., Callahan, B. J., Caraballo¬rodríguez, A. M., Chase, J., ... Caporaso, J. G. (2018). QIIME 2: Reproducible, Interactive, Scalable, and Extensible Microbiome Data Science. PeerJ. 37(1):852-857.
- Bucklin, A., Lindeque, P. K., Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, N., Albaina, A., & Lehtiniemi, M. (2016). Metabarcoding of Marine Zooplankton: Prospects, Progress and Pitfalls. Journal of Plankton Reseacrh, 38(3):393-400.
- Bulgarelli, D., Schlaeppi, K., Spaepen, S., Ver Loren van Themaat, E., & Schulze-Lefert, P. (2013). Structure and Functions of The Bacterial Microbiota of Plants. Annual Review Plant Biology, 64(1):807-838.
- Casas, L., Pearman, J. K., & Irigoien, X. (2017). Metabarcoding Reveals Seasonal and Temperature-Dependent Succession of Zooplankton Communities in The Red Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(1):1-15.
- Chiarello, M., McCauley, M., Villéger, S., & Jackson, C. R. (2022). Ranking The Biases: The Choice of OTUs vs. ASVs in 16S rRNA Amplicon Data Analysis Has Stronger Effects on Diversity Measures Than Rarefaction and OTU Identity Threshold. PLoS One, 17(2):1-19.
- Chrisnawati, S.D., Sabdaningsih, A., Jati, O.E. & Ayuningrum, D. (2023). Isolation and Molecular Identification of Rhizosphere Bacteria from Rhizopora sp. Mangrove Sediments in The Tapak Mangrove Ecosystem, Semarang. Indonesian Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 16(2):117-124.
- Effendi, H. (2003). Study of Water Quality for Resource Management and Water Environment. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
- Dhal, P.K., Kopprio, G.A. & Gärdes, A. (2020). Insights on Aquatic Microbiome of The Indian Sundarbans Mangrove Areas. PLoS One, 15(2): 1-18.
- Fernández, Marques, V., Fopp, F., Juhel, J. B., Borrero-Pérez, G. H., Cheutin, M. C., Dejean, T., González Corredor, J. D., Acosta-Chaparro, A., Hocdé, R., Eme, D., Maire, E., Spescha, M., Valentini, A., Manel, S., Mouillot, D., Albouy, C., & Pellissier, L. (2021). Comparing Environmental DNA Metabarcoding and Underwater Visual Census to Monitor Tropical Reef Fishes. Environmental DNA, 3(1):142-156.
- Giannopoulos, G., Lee, D. Y., Neubauer, S. C., Brown, B. L., & Franklin, B. R. (2019). A Simple and Effective Sampler to Collect Undisturbed Cores from Tidal Marshes. BioRvix.1(1):1-18.
- Gomes, N. C. M., Cleary, D. F. R., Pinto, F. N., Egas, C., Almeida, A., Cunha, A., Mendonça-Hagler, L. C. S., & Smalla, K. (2010). Taking root: Enduring Effect of Rhizosphere Bacterial Colonization in Mangroves. PLoS One, 5(11):1-10.
- Hanafi, I., Subhan, & Basri, H. (2021). Analysis of Mangrove Vegetation (Case Study In The Mangrove Forest of Telaga Tujuh Island, West Langsa District). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 6(4):740-748.
- Huda, M. K., Latifah, A., & Prasetya, A. T. (2013). Making Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Cow Urine with Molasses Additives Fermentation Method. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 2(3):1-6.
- Imamsyah, A., Geoffrey B. D., & Meutia, S. I. (2020). Mangrove Vegetation Structure Based on Biophysical Environmental Quality in Bali Ngurah Rai Forest Park. Ecothrophic, 14(1):88-99.
- Islam, Z. F., Cordero, P. R. F., Feng, J., Chen, Y. J., Bay, S. K., Jirapanjawat, T., Gleadow, R. M., Carere, C. R., Stott, M. B., Chiri, E., & Greening, C. (2019). Two Chloroflexi Classes Independently Evolved The Ability to Persist on Atmospheric Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide. ISME Journal, 13(7):1801-1813.
- Islamiah, D.N. & Rahmawati, R.L., (2017). Types of Rhizosphere bacteria in the Avicennia Mangrove Soil Area in Kanan Village, Mempawah District Hilir, West Kalimantan. Protobiont Journal, 6(3):165-172.
- Iswahyudi, Kusmana, C., Hidayat, A., Pramudya Noorachmat, & Bambang. (2019). Environment Biophysical of Mangrove Forest in Langsa City, Aceh. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 10(1):98-110.
- Jiang, X.T., Peng, X., Deng, G.H., Sheng, H.F., Wang, Y., Zhou, H.W. & Tam, N.F.Y. (2013). Illumina Sequencing of 16S rRNA Tag Revealed Spatial Variations of Bacterial Communities in A Mangrove Wetland. Microbial Ecology, 66(1):96-104.
- Kurniawan, A., & Asriani, E. (2020). Review: Quorum sensing bacteria and Their Role in Changes in pH Values in Kolong Pascatambang Timah with Different Ages. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 18(3):602-609.
- Lear, G., Dickie, I., Banks, J., Boyer, S., Buckley, H. L., Buckley, T. R., Cruickshank, R., Dopheide, A., Handley, K. M., Hermans, S., Kamke, J., Lee, C. K., Macdiarmid, R., Morales, S. E., Orlovich, D. A., Smissen, R., Wood, J., & Holdaway, R. (2018). New Zealand Ecological Society Methods for The Extraction, Storage, Amplification and Sequencing of DNA from Environmental Samples. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 42(1):1-50.
- Li, Y., Tang, K., Zhang, L., Zhao, Z., Xie, X., Chen, C. T. A., Wang, D., Jiao, N., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Coupled Carbon, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Cycles Mediated by Microorganisms in The Water Column of A Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Ecosystem. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(1):2718
- Loganathachetti, S.D., Sadaiappan, B., Poosakkannu, A. & Muthuraman, S. (2016). Pyrosequencing-Based Seasonal Observation of Prokaryotic Diversity in Pneumatophore-Associated Soil of Avicennia marina. Current Microbiology, 72(1):68-74.
- Lu, K., Yang, Q., Jiang, Y., & Liu, W. (2022). Changes in Temporal Dynamics and Factors Influencing the Environment of The Bacterial Communities in Mangrove Rhizosphere Sediments in Hainan. Sustainability, 14(12):7415.
- Lund, M., Agerbo Rasmussen, J., Ramos-Madrigal, J., Sawers, R., Gilbert, M. T. P., & Barnes, C. J. (2022). Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities Differ Among Traditional Maize Landraces. Environmental DNA, 4(6):1241-1249.
- Margareta, A. (2023). Bioinformatics Insights Next Generation Sequencing in Intestinal Mycobiome Metagenomic Samples. Jurnal Medical Laboratory, 2(1):41-58.
- Maysaroh, S., Ismet, M. S., Subhan, B., Andini, R., Sembiring, E. R., & Anggraini, N. P. (2023). Effective DNA Extraction Method for Metagenomic Analysis of Rhizosphere Bacteria from Mangrove Sediments. Depik, 12(2):198-209.
- Muwawa, E. M., Obieze, C. C., Makonde, H. M., Jefwa, J. M., Kahindi, J. H. P., & Khasa, D. P. (2021). 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon-Based Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial Communities in The Rhizospheres of Selected Mangrove Species from Mida Creek and Gazi Bay, Kenya. PLoS One, 16(3):1-22.
- Ntabo, R.M., Nyamache, A.K., Lwande, W., Kabii, J. and Nonoh, J. (2018). Enzymatic Activity of Endophytic Bacterial Isolates from Selected Mangrove Plants in Kenya. The Open Microbiology Journal, 12(1):354-363.
- Nybakken, J. W. (1993). Basics of Mangrove Ecology. Jakarta: Gramedia.
- Purba, F. A., Fikri, A., Rasuldi, riza, Wilianti, M. I., & Febri, S. P. (2017). The Relationship of Biological and Physical Parameters of Waters to The Growth of Oyster Oysters in Kuala Langsa Waters. Jurnal Ilmiah Samudera Aquatika, 1(1):64-71.
- Putri, L., Yulianda, F., & Wardianto, Y. (2015). Mangrove Zoning Pattern and Macrozoobenthos Association in Pantai Indah Kapuk Area, Jakarta. Bonorowo Wetlands, 5(1):29-43.
- Quast, C., Pruesse, E., Yilmaz, P., Gerken, J., Schweer, T., Yarza, P., Peplies, J., & Glöckner, F. O. (2013). The SILVA Ribosomal RNA Gene Database Project: Improved Data Processing and Web-Based Tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 41:590-596.
- Rozi, F., & Maulidiya, D. (2022). Analysis of Changes in Inflation in Several Major Cities in Indonesia Using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Multi Proxymity: Jurnal Statistika Universitas Jambi, 1(2):103-115.
- Rusianti, C.R., Saleh, F.I.E., Talakua, S., Alianto, A., Mangando, S., Demena, Y. E., Manalu, E., Eldiester, F. C., Rumbino, F. N. Y., & Raharjo, S. (2022). Mangrove Vegetation Structure and Sonneratia alba Mangrove Litter Production in Telaga Wasti, Manokwari Regency, West Papua. Jurnal Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, 4(2): 93-103.
- Sam, K., & Maria, J. G. (2019). Role of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria on The Ecology in Tropical Mangrove Sediments. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 28(1):1-9.
- Sanders, C. J., Eyre, B. D., Santos, I. R., MacHado, W., Luiz-Silva, W., Smoak, J. M., Breithaupt, J. L., Ketterer, M. E., Sanders, L., Marotta, H., & Silva-Filho, E. (2014). Elevated Rates of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Accumulation in A Highly Impacted Mangrove Wetland. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(7):2475-2480.
- Saputri, K.E., Idiawati, N.S., & Sofiana, M. S. J. (2021). Isolation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria from Mangrove Rhizosphere in Kuala Singkawang. Jurnal Laut Khatulistiwa, 4(2):80-84.
- Wu, S., You, F., Hall, M., & Huang, L. (2021). Native Plant Maireana brevifolia Drives Prokaryotic Microbial Communities Development in Alkaline Fe Ore Tailings Under Semi-Arid Climatic Conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 760(1):1-11.
- Zhang, Z., Zhang, P., Lin, Q., Cha, Z., & Luo, W. (2019). Response of Bacterial Communities in Rubber Plantations to Different Fertilizer Treatments. 3 Biotech, 9(8):1-9.
- Zhu, D. H., Song, Q. L., Nie, F. H., Wei, W., Chen, M. M., Zhang, M., Lin, H. Y., Kang, D. J., Chen, Z. B., Hay, A. G., & Chen, J. J. (2022). Effects of Environmental and Spatial Variables on Bacteria in Zhanjiang Mangrove Sediments. Current Microbiology, 79(4):1-11.
References
Andriyani, L. W., Geoffrey, B. D., & Samira, I. M. (2020). Relationship Between Gastropods (Cassidula nucleus and Cassidula vespertilionis) and Mangroves (Avicennia marina and Sonneratia alba) in Rehabilitated Mangrove Ecosystem in Pantai Indah Kapuk, Jakarta, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux, 13(4):2327-2335.
Basak, P., Majumder, N.S., Nag, S., Bhattacharyya, A., Roy, D., Chakraborty, A., SenGupta, S., Roy, A., Mukherjee, A., Pattanayak, R. & Ghosh, A. (2015). Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in Sediments of Sundarbans Using Parallel 16S rRNA Gene Tag Sequencing. Microbial Ecology, 69(1):500-511.
Baskaran, V., Mahalakshmi, A., & Pravavathy, V. R. (2023). Mangoves: A Hotspot for Novel Bacterial and Archaeal Diversity. Rhizosphere. 27(1): 1-16.
Bolyen, E., Rideout, J. R., Dillon, M. R., Bokulich, N. A., Abnet, C. C., Al¬ghalith, G. A., Alexander, H., Alm, E. J., Arumugam, M., Asnicar, F., Bai, Y., Bisanz, J. E., Bittinger, K., Brejnrod, A., Brislawn, C. J., Brown, T., Callahan, B. J., Caraballo¬rodríguez, A. M., Chase, J., ... Caporaso, J. G. (2018). QIIME 2: Reproducible, Interactive, Scalable, and Extensible Microbiome Data Science. PeerJ. 37(1):852-857.
Bucklin, A., Lindeque, P. K., Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, N., Albaina, A., & Lehtiniemi, M. (2016). Metabarcoding of Marine Zooplankton: Prospects, Progress and Pitfalls. Journal of Plankton Reseacrh, 38(3):393-400.
Bulgarelli, D., Schlaeppi, K., Spaepen, S., Ver Loren van Themaat, E., & Schulze-Lefert, P. (2013). Structure and Functions of The Bacterial Microbiota of Plants. Annual Review Plant Biology, 64(1):807-838.
Casas, L., Pearman, J. K., & Irigoien, X. (2017). Metabarcoding Reveals Seasonal and Temperature-Dependent Succession of Zooplankton Communities in The Red Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4(1):1-15.
Chiarello, M., McCauley, M., Villéger, S., & Jackson, C. R. (2022). Ranking The Biases: The Choice of OTUs vs. ASVs in 16S rRNA Amplicon Data Analysis Has Stronger Effects on Diversity Measures Than Rarefaction and OTU Identity Threshold. PLoS One, 17(2):1-19.
Chrisnawati, S.D., Sabdaningsih, A., Jati, O.E. & Ayuningrum, D. (2023). Isolation and Molecular Identification of Rhizosphere Bacteria from Rhizopora sp. Mangrove Sediments in The Tapak Mangrove Ecosystem, Semarang. Indonesian Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 16(2):117-124.
Effendi, H. (2003). Study of Water Quality for Resource Management and Water Environment. Yogyakarta: Kanisius
Dhal, P.K., Kopprio, G.A. & Gärdes, A. (2020). Insights on Aquatic Microbiome of The Indian Sundarbans Mangrove Areas. PLoS One, 15(2): 1-18.
Fernández, Marques, V., Fopp, F., Juhel, J. B., Borrero-Pérez, G. H., Cheutin, M. C., Dejean, T., González Corredor, J. D., Acosta-Chaparro, A., Hocdé, R., Eme, D., Maire, E., Spescha, M., Valentini, A., Manel, S., Mouillot, D., Albouy, C., & Pellissier, L. (2021). Comparing Environmental DNA Metabarcoding and Underwater Visual Census to Monitor Tropical Reef Fishes. Environmental DNA, 3(1):142-156.
Giannopoulos, G., Lee, D. Y., Neubauer, S. C., Brown, B. L., & Franklin, B. R. (2019). A Simple and Effective Sampler to Collect Undisturbed Cores from Tidal Marshes. BioRvix.1(1):1-18.
Gomes, N. C. M., Cleary, D. F. R., Pinto, F. N., Egas, C., Almeida, A., Cunha, A., Mendonça-Hagler, L. C. S., & Smalla, K. (2010). Taking root: Enduring Effect of Rhizosphere Bacterial Colonization in Mangroves. PLoS One, 5(11):1-10.
Hanafi, I., Subhan, & Basri, H. (2021). Analysis of Mangrove Vegetation (Case Study In The Mangrove Forest of Telaga Tujuh Island, West Langsa District). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 6(4):740-748.
Huda, M. K., Latifah, A., & Prasetya, A. T. (2013). Making Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Cow Urine with Molasses Additives Fermentation Method. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science, 2(3):1-6.
Imamsyah, A., Geoffrey B. D., & Meutia, S. I. (2020). Mangrove Vegetation Structure Based on Biophysical Environmental Quality in Bali Ngurah Rai Forest Park. Ecothrophic, 14(1):88-99.
Islam, Z. F., Cordero, P. R. F., Feng, J., Chen, Y. J., Bay, S. K., Jirapanjawat, T., Gleadow, R. M., Carere, C. R., Stott, M. B., Chiri, E., & Greening, C. (2019). Two Chloroflexi Classes Independently Evolved The Ability to Persist on Atmospheric Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide. ISME Journal, 13(7):1801-1813.
Islamiah, D.N. & Rahmawati, R.L., (2017). Types of Rhizosphere bacteria in the Avicennia Mangrove Soil Area in Kanan Village, Mempawah District Hilir, West Kalimantan. Protobiont Journal, 6(3):165-172.
Iswahyudi, Kusmana, C., Hidayat, A., Pramudya Noorachmat, & Bambang. (2019). Environment Biophysical of Mangrove Forest in Langsa City, Aceh. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, 10(1):98-110.
Jiang, X.T., Peng, X., Deng, G.H., Sheng, H.F., Wang, Y., Zhou, H.W. & Tam, N.F.Y. (2013). Illumina Sequencing of 16S rRNA Tag Revealed Spatial Variations of Bacterial Communities in A Mangrove Wetland. Microbial Ecology, 66(1):96-104.
Kurniawan, A., & Asriani, E. (2020). Review: Quorum sensing bacteria and Their Role in Changes in pH Values in Kolong Pascatambang Timah with Different Ages. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 18(3):602-609.
Lear, G., Dickie, I., Banks, J., Boyer, S., Buckley, H. L., Buckley, T. R., Cruickshank, R., Dopheide, A., Handley, K. M., Hermans, S., Kamke, J., Lee, C. K., Macdiarmid, R., Morales, S. E., Orlovich, D. A., Smissen, R., Wood, J., & Holdaway, R. (2018). New Zealand Ecological Society Methods for The Extraction, Storage, Amplification and Sequencing of DNA from Environmental Samples. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 42(1):1-50.
Li, Y., Tang, K., Zhang, L., Zhao, Z., Xie, X., Chen, C. T. A., Wang, D., Jiao, N., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Coupled Carbon, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Cycles Mediated by Microorganisms in The Water Column of A Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Ecosystem. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(1):2718
Loganathachetti, S.D., Sadaiappan, B., Poosakkannu, A. & Muthuraman, S. (2016). Pyrosequencing-Based Seasonal Observation of Prokaryotic Diversity in Pneumatophore-Associated Soil of Avicennia marina. Current Microbiology, 72(1):68-74.
Lu, K., Yang, Q., Jiang, Y., & Liu, W. (2022). Changes in Temporal Dynamics and Factors Influencing the Environment of The Bacterial Communities in Mangrove Rhizosphere Sediments in Hainan. Sustainability, 14(12):7415.
Lund, M., Agerbo Rasmussen, J., Ramos-Madrigal, J., Sawers, R., Gilbert, M. T. P., & Barnes, C. J. (2022). Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities Differ Among Traditional Maize Landraces. Environmental DNA, 4(6):1241-1249.
Margareta, A. (2023). Bioinformatics Insights Next Generation Sequencing in Intestinal Mycobiome Metagenomic Samples. Jurnal Medical Laboratory, 2(1):41-58.
Maysaroh, S., Ismet, M. S., Subhan, B., Andini, R., Sembiring, E. R., & Anggraini, N. P. (2023). Effective DNA Extraction Method for Metagenomic Analysis of Rhizosphere Bacteria from Mangrove Sediments. Depik, 12(2):198-209.
Muwawa, E. M., Obieze, C. C., Makonde, H. M., Jefwa, J. M., Kahindi, J. H. P., & Khasa, D. P. (2021). 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon-Based Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial Communities in The Rhizospheres of Selected Mangrove Species from Mida Creek and Gazi Bay, Kenya. PLoS One, 16(3):1-22.
Ntabo, R.M., Nyamache, A.K., Lwande, W., Kabii, J. and Nonoh, J. (2018). Enzymatic Activity of Endophytic Bacterial Isolates from Selected Mangrove Plants in Kenya. The Open Microbiology Journal, 12(1):354-363.
Nybakken, J. W. (1993). Basics of Mangrove Ecology. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Purba, F. A., Fikri, A., Rasuldi, riza, Wilianti, M. I., & Febri, S. P. (2017). The Relationship of Biological and Physical Parameters of Waters to The Growth of Oyster Oysters in Kuala Langsa Waters. Jurnal Ilmiah Samudera Aquatika, 1(1):64-71.
Putri, L., Yulianda, F., & Wardianto, Y. (2015). Mangrove Zoning Pattern and Macrozoobenthos Association in Pantai Indah Kapuk Area, Jakarta. Bonorowo Wetlands, 5(1):29-43.
Quast, C., Pruesse, E., Yilmaz, P., Gerken, J., Schweer, T., Yarza, P., Peplies, J., & Glöckner, F. O. (2013). The SILVA Ribosomal RNA Gene Database Project: Improved Data Processing and Web-Based Tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 41:590-596.
Rozi, F., & Maulidiya, D. (2022). Analysis of Changes in Inflation in Several Major Cities in Indonesia Using the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Multi Proxymity: Jurnal Statistika Universitas Jambi, 1(2):103-115.
Rusianti, C.R., Saleh, F.I.E., Talakua, S., Alianto, A., Mangando, S., Demena, Y. E., Manalu, E., Eldiester, F. C., Rumbino, F. N. Y., & Raharjo, S. (2022). Mangrove Vegetation Structure and Sonneratia alba Mangrove Litter Production in Telaga Wasti, Manokwari Regency, West Papua. Jurnal Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, 4(2): 93-103.
Sam, K., & Maria, J. G. (2019). Role of Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria on The Ecology in Tropical Mangrove Sediments. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 28(1):1-9.
Sanders, C. J., Eyre, B. D., Santos, I. R., MacHado, W., Luiz-Silva, W., Smoak, J. M., Breithaupt, J. L., Ketterer, M. E., Sanders, L., Marotta, H., & Silva-Filho, E. (2014). Elevated Rates of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Accumulation in A Highly Impacted Mangrove Wetland. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(7):2475-2480.
Saputri, K.E., Idiawati, N.S., & Sofiana, M. S. J. (2021). Isolation and Characterization of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria from Mangrove Rhizosphere in Kuala Singkawang. Jurnal Laut Khatulistiwa, 4(2):80-84.
Wu, S., You, F., Hall, M., & Huang, L. (2021). Native Plant Maireana brevifolia Drives Prokaryotic Microbial Communities Development in Alkaline Fe Ore Tailings Under Semi-Arid Climatic Conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 760(1):1-11.
Zhang, Z., Zhang, P., Lin, Q., Cha, Z., & Luo, W. (2019). Response of Bacterial Communities in Rubber Plantations to Different Fertilizer Treatments. 3 Biotech, 9(8):1-9.
Zhu, D. H., Song, Q. L., Nie, F. H., Wei, W., Chen, M. M., Zhang, M., Lin, H. Y., Kang, D. J., Chen, Z. B., Hay, A. G., & Chen, J. J. (2022). Effects of Environmental and Spatial Variables on Bacteria in Zhanjiang Mangrove Sediments. Current Microbiology, 79(4):1-11.