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Identification of Hard Coral Disease (Scleractina) in Seribu Islands
Corresponding Author(s) : Riyanti Riyanti
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 2025: IN PRESS ISSUE (JUST ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT, 2025)
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Highlight Research
- Coral colonies affected by coral disease are identified and counted.
- White syndrome is a type of coral disease that is dominattly found.
- Coral cover in the Kepulauan Seribu is in moderate condition.
- A weak correlation between the prevalence of coral disease and live cover in the Kepulauan Seribu
Abstract
Kepulauan Seribu is designated as a marine conservation area in Kepulauan Seribu National Park and is one of high tourism development areas on the north side of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Anthropogenic sources from these nearby areas has reduced the health condition of coral reefs and increased the prevalence of coral diseases in the study area. This study aimed to determine the genus of coral infected by disease, the type of disease, and the relationship between the prevalence of disease and live cover in Kepulauan Seribu. Data was collected using the survey method. Coral cover is assessed using Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) (Giyanto et al. 2014) and disease is assessed using Belt Transect methods, respectively (Raymundo et al. 2008). The result showed that 14 genera of coral species were infected and dominated by Porites, Montipora, and Acropora. Furthermore, there were 5 types of diseases, dominated by White Syndrome (WS), Atramentous Necrosis (AtN) and Ulcerative White Spots (S). The correlation analysis results showed a very low relationship between disease prevalence and live coral cover (r = 0.10). This research can be used as input or reference for more sustainable coral reef management, by improving an integrated coastal education system for the younger generation and developing more sustainable tourism activities in the future in Kepulauan Seribu.
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- Abrar, M. & Bachtiar, I., 2012. Struktur Komunitas dan Penyakit Pada Karang (Scleractinia) di Perairan Lembata, Nusa Tenggara Timur (Community Structure and Disease in Corals (Scleractinian) in the Waters of Lembata, East Nusa Tenggara). Ilmu Kelautan, 17(2), pp.109–118.
- Aeby, G.S. et al., 2021. A comparative baseline of coral disease in three regions along the Saudi Arabian coast of the central Red Sea E. F. Camp, ed. PLOS ONE, 16(7), p.e0246854.
- Baum, G. et al., 2015. Local and Regional Impacts of Pollution on Coral Reefs along the Thousand Islands North of the Megacity Jakarta, Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 10(9), pp.1–26.
- Beeden, R. et al., 2008. Underwater Cards for Assessing Coral Health on Info-Pacific Reefs, Australia: The University of Queensland.
- Caldwell, J.M. et al., 2020. Case-Control Design Identifies Ecological Drivers of Endemic Coral Diseases. Scientific Reports, 10(1), pp.1–12.
- Cleary, D.F.R. et al., 2016. Variation in the composition of corals, fishes, sponges, echinoderms, ascidians, molluscs, foraminifera and macroalgae across a pronounced in-to-offshore environmental gradient in the Jakarta Bay–Thousand Islands coral reef complex. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 110(2), pp.701–717.
- Dedi & Arifin, T., 2016. Kondisi Kesehatan Karang Di Pulau – Pulau Kecil Teluk Jakarta. Jurnal Kelautan Nasional, 11(3), pp.175–188.
- Delpopi, M. et al., 2015. Prevalence, Insidence and Progression Black-band Disease on Scleractinian Coral (Montipora spp) in Shallow Water of Pari Islands. ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 20(1), p.52.
- English, S., Wilkinson, C. & Baker, V., 1997. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources 2nd Edition 2nd ed., Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
- Estradivari, Setyawan, E. & Yusri, S., 2009. Terumbu Karang Jakarta, Jakarta: Yayasan TERANGI.
- Fahlevy, K. et al., 2019. Comparing hard coral cover between Panggang and Kelapa Island Administrative Village, Seribu Islands National Park, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 241(1), pp.1–13.
- Fahlevy, K. et al., 2017. Site and depth influence on coral reef structure and composition in Seribu Islands, Jakarta. Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 2(1), pp.28–38.
- Fauzanabri, R. et al., 2021. Status Terumbu Karang di Perairan Pulau Tidung Kepulauan Seribu Provinsi DKI Jakarta Berbasis Analisis Underwater Photo Transect. Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX, 9(December), pp.247–261.
- Gassen, L. et al., 2024. The Impact of Rainfall on the Sea Surface Salinity: a Mesocosm Study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), pp.1–14.
- Giyanto et al., 2021. Data Potensi Terumbu Karang Indonesia Tahun 2021,
- Giyanto et al., 2014. Panduan Monitoring Kesehatan Terumbu Karang, Jakarta: CRITC COREMAP CTI LIPI.
- Giyanto et al., 2017. Status terumbu karang di Indonesia 2017, Jakarta: Puslit Oseanografi LIPI.
- Giyanto, G. et al., 2023. The Reef Health Index for Coral Reefs Management in Indonesia. BIO Web of Conferences, 70, pp.1–8.
- Greene, A. et al., 2020. Coral Disease Time Series Highlight Size-Dependent Risk and Other Drivers of White Syndrome in a Multi-Species Model. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(December), pp.1–16.
- Harvell, C.D. et al., 2007. Coral Disease, Environmental Drivers, and The Balance Between Coral and Microbial Associates. Oceanography, 20(SPL.ISS. 1), pp.172–195.
- Hasim, H., 2021. Mangrove Ecosystem, Seagrass, Coral Reef: its Role in Self-Purification and Carrying Capacity in Coastal Areas. International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review, 2(1), pp.37–49.
- Hasma, S., Sadarun, B. & Palupi, R.D., 2019. Kelimpahan Dan Prevalensi Penyakit Karang Di Perairan Langara, Konawa Kepulauan, Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Sapa Laut, 4(2), pp.99–105.
- Hazrul, H., Palupi, R.D. & Ketjulan, R., 2016. Identifikasi Penyakit Karang (Scleractinia) Di Perairan Pulau Saponda Laut, Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Sapa Laut, 1(2), pp.32–41.
- Huang, C.Y. et al., 2021. Spatial and Cross-Seasonal Patterns of Coral Diseases in Reefs of Taiwan: High Prevalence and Regional Variation. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 146, pp.145–156.
- Ihsan, Y.N. et al., 2022. IMPACT of the PANDEMIC COVID-19 to the INDONESIA SEAS. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites , 40(1), pp.30–36.
- Johan, O. et al., 2013. Distribusi Dan Kelimpahan Penyakit Karang Sabuk Hitam Secara Spasial Di Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 8(3), pp.439–451.
- Johan, O. et al., 2020. Kelimpahan Penyakit Karang di Kepulauan Ayau dan Asia Kabupaten Raja Ampat. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 15(2), pp.121–128.
- Johan, O. et al., 2016. Prevalence and Incidence of Black Band Disease of Scleractinian Corals in the Kepulauan Seribu Region of Indonesia. Diversity, 8(2), pp.1–9.
- Johan, O. et al., 2015. The Distribution and Abundance of Black Band Disease and White Syndrome in Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 22(3), pp.105–112.
- Khuzma, N.L., Suryanto, A. & Purnomo, P.W., 2016. Hubungan Kandungan Nitrat Dengan Densitas Zooxanthellae Pada Beberapa Jenis Karang Di Reef Flat Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta. Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES), 5(4), pp.293–301.
- Lamb, J.B. et al., 2014. Scuba Diving Damage and Intensity of Tourist Activities Increases Coral Disease Prevalence. Biological Conservation, 178, pp.88–96.
- Lamb, J.B. & Willis, B.L., 2011. Using Coral Disease Prevalence to Assess the Effects of Concentrating Tourism Activities on Offshore Reefs in a Tropical Marine Park. Conservation Biology, 25(5), pp.1044–1052.
- Maynard, J. et al., 2015. Projections of climate conditions that increase coral disease susceptibility and pathogen abundance and virulence. Nature Climate Change, 5(7), pp.688–694.
- Mellani, N.L.P.F., Hendrawan, I.G. & Karim, W., 2019. Kondisi Kesehatan Karang Genus Porites di Perairan Jemeluk dan Penuktukan-Bali. Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences, 5(1), pp.29–35.
- Miller, J. et al., 2015. Baseline coral disease surveys within three marine parks in Sabah, Borneo. PeerJ, 2015(11), pp.1–13.
- Montilla, L.M. et al., 2019. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 50 years of coral disease research visualized through the scope of network theory. PeerJ, 2019(6), pp.1–18.
- Morais, J., Cardoso, A.P.L.R. & Santos, B.A., 2022. A Global Synthesis of the Current Knowledge on the Taxonomic and Geographic Distribution of Major Coral Diseases. Environmental Advances, 8(2022), pp.1–13.
- Moriarty, T. et al., 2020. Coral Disease Causes, Consequences, and Risk within Coral Restoration. Trends in Microbiology, 28(10).
- Nelson, H.R. & Altieri, A.H., 2019. Oxygen : The Universal Currency on Coral Reefs. Coral Reefs, 38(2), pp.177–198.
- Noviana, L. et al., 2018. Studi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu. Journal of Nature Resources and Environmental Management, 9(2), pp.352–365.
- van Oppen, M.J.H. & Blackall, L.L., 2019. Coral microbiome dynamics, functions and design in a changing world. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17(9), pp.557–567.
- Page, C.E. et al., 2023. A Coral Disease Outbreak Highlights Vulnerability of Remote High-Latitude Lagoons to Global and Local Stressors. iScience, 26(3), p.106205.
- Rachmayanti, F.A. et al., 2025. Prevalence and Environmental Factors Affecting the Emergence of Black Band Disease and White Syndrome on Montipora Corals in Pari Island Waters, Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Journal of Marine Biotechnology and Immunology, 3(1), pp.1–7.
- Raymundo, L.J. et al., 2008. Coral Disease Handbook: Guidelines for Assessment, Monitoring & Management L. J. Raymundo, C. S. Couch, & C. D. Harvell, eds., Australia: The University of Queensland.
- Sabdono, A. et al., 2019. Preliminary Study of The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment, Released by Marine Floating Cages, on The Coral Disease Outbreak in Karimunjawa, Indonesia. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 30(10074), pp.1–5.
- Shore-Maggio, A. et al., 2015. Differences in bacterial community structure in two color morphs of the Hawaiian reef coral Montipora capitata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(20), pp.7312–7318.
- Siringoringo, R.M. et al., 2019. Distribution and Community Structure of Coral Reefs In The West Coast Of Sumatra Indonesia. ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 24(1), pp.51–60.
- Soffer, N., Zaneveld, J. & Vega Thurber, R., 2015. Phage-bacteria network analysis and its implication for the understanding of coral disease. Environmental Microbiology, 17(4), pp.1203–1218.
- Suci, R.D., Yurianto, M. & Said, B.D., 2021. Manajemen Tata Kelola Maritim Kepulauan Seribu sebagai Kawasan Strategis Nasional dalam Perspektif Keamanan Maritim. Jurnal Maritim Indonesia, 9(3), pp.281–298.
- Thirukanthan, C.S. et al., 2023. The Evolution of Coral Reef under Changing Climate: A Scientometric Review. Animals, 13(5).
- Vega Thurber, R. et al., 2020. Deciphering Coral Disease Dynamics: Integrating Host, Microbiome, and the Changing Environment. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8(November), pp.1–18.
- Work, T.M. et al., 2008. Biomedical and veterinary science can increase our understanding of coral disease. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 362(2), pp.63–70.
- Zakaria, I.J. et al., 2021. Diseases and Health Disturbances on Scleractinian Corals in the West Sumatra Sea, Indian Ocean. AACL Bioflux, 14(1), pp.462–477.
- Zurba, N., 2019. Pengenalan Terumbu Karang Sebagai Pondasi Utama Laut Kita, Aceh: Unimal Press.
References
Abrar, M. & Bachtiar, I., 2012. Struktur Komunitas dan Penyakit Pada Karang (Scleractinia) di Perairan Lembata, Nusa Tenggara Timur (Community Structure and Disease in Corals (Scleractinian) in the Waters of Lembata, East Nusa Tenggara). Ilmu Kelautan, 17(2), pp.109–118.
Aeby, G.S. et al., 2021. A comparative baseline of coral disease in three regions along the Saudi Arabian coast of the central Red Sea E. F. Camp, ed. PLOS ONE, 16(7), p.e0246854.
Baum, G. et al., 2015. Local and Regional Impacts of Pollution on Coral Reefs along the Thousand Islands North of the Megacity Jakarta, Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 10(9), pp.1–26.
Beeden, R. et al., 2008. Underwater Cards for Assessing Coral Health on Info-Pacific Reefs, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Caldwell, J.M. et al., 2020. Case-Control Design Identifies Ecological Drivers of Endemic Coral Diseases. Scientific Reports, 10(1), pp.1–12.
Cleary, D.F.R. et al., 2016. Variation in the composition of corals, fishes, sponges, echinoderms, ascidians, molluscs, foraminifera and macroalgae across a pronounced in-to-offshore environmental gradient in the Jakarta Bay–Thousand Islands coral reef complex. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 110(2), pp.701–717.
Dedi & Arifin, T., 2016. Kondisi Kesehatan Karang Di Pulau – Pulau Kecil Teluk Jakarta. Jurnal Kelautan Nasional, 11(3), pp.175–188.
Delpopi, M. et al., 2015. Prevalence, Insidence and Progression Black-band Disease on Scleractinian Coral (Montipora spp) in Shallow Water of Pari Islands. ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 20(1), p.52.
English, S., Wilkinson, C. & Baker, V., 1997. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources 2nd Edition 2nd ed., Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science.
Estradivari, Setyawan, E. & Yusri, S., 2009. Terumbu Karang Jakarta, Jakarta: Yayasan TERANGI.
Fahlevy, K. et al., 2019. Comparing hard coral cover between Panggang and Kelapa Island Administrative Village, Seribu Islands National Park, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 241(1), pp.1–13.
Fahlevy, K. et al., 2017. Site and depth influence on coral reef structure and composition in Seribu Islands, Jakarta. Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 2(1), pp.28–38.
Fauzanabri, R. et al., 2021. Status Terumbu Karang di Perairan Pulau Tidung Kepulauan Seribu Provinsi DKI Jakarta Berbasis Analisis Underwater Photo Transect. Jurnal Ilmiah PLATAX, 9(December), pp.247–261.
Gassen, L. et al., 2024. The Impact of Rainfall on the Sea Surface Salinity: a Mesocosm Study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), pp.1–14.
Giyanto et al., 2021. Data Potensi Terumbu Karang Indonesia Tahun 2021,
Giyanto et al., 2014. Panduan Monitoring Kesehatan Terumbu Karang, Jakarta: CRITC COREMAP CTI LIPI.
Giyanto et al., 2017. Status terumbu karang di Indonesia 2017, Jakarta: Puslit Oseanografi LIPI.
Giyanto, G. et al., 2023. The Reef Health Index for Coral Reefs Management in Indonesia. BIO Web of Conferences, 70, pp.1–8.
Greene, A. et al., 2020. Coral Disease Time Series Highlight Size-Dependent Risk and Other Drivers of White Syndrome in a Multi-Species Model. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(December), pp.1–16.
Harvell, C.D. et al., 2007. Coral Disease, Environmental Drivers, and The Balance Between Coral and Microbial Associates. Oceanography, 20(SPL.ISS. 1), pp.172–195.
Hasim, H., 2021. Mangrove Ecosystem, Seagrass, Coral Reef: its Role in Self-Purification and Carrying Capacity in Coastal Areas. International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review, 2(1), pp.37–49.
Hasma, S., Sadarun, B. & Palupi, R.D., 2019. Kelimpahan Dan Prevalensi Penyakit Karang Di Perairan Langara, Konawa Kepulauan, Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Sapa Laut, 4(2), pp.99–105.
Hazrul, H., Palupi, R.D. & Ketjulan, R., 2016. Identifikasi Penyakit Karang (Scleractinia) Di Perairan Pulau Saponda Laut, Sulawesi Tenggara. Jurnal Sapa Laut, 1(2), pp.32–41.
Huang, C.Y. et al., 2021. Spatial and Cross-Seasonal Patterns of Coral Diseases in Reefs of Taiwan: High Prevalence and Regional Variation. Diseases of aquatic organisms, 146, pp.145–156.
Ihsan, Y.N. et al., 2022. IMPACT of the PANDEMIC COVID-19 to the INDONESIA SEAS. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites , 40(1), pp.30–36.
Johan, O. et al., 2013. Distribusi Dan Kelimpahan Penyakit Karang Sabuk Hitam Secara Spasial Di Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 8(3), pp.439–451.
Johan, O. et al., 2020. Kelimpahan Penyakit Karang di Kepulauan Ayau dan Asia Kabupaten Raja Ampat. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 15(2), pp.121–128.
Johan, O. et al., 2016. Prevalence and Incidence of Black Band Disease of Scleractinian Corals in the Kepulauan Seribu Region of Indonesia. Diversity, 8(2), pp.1–9.
Johan, O. et al., 2015. The Distribution and Abundance of Black Band Disease and White Syndrome in Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 22(3), pp.105–112.
Khuzma, N.L., Suryanto, A. & Purnomo, P.W., 2016. Hubungan Kandungan Nitrat Dengan Densitas Zooxanthellae Pada Beberapa Jenis Karang Di Reef Flat Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta. Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES), 5(4), pp.293–301.
Lamb, J.B. et al., 2014. Scuba Diving Damage and Intensity of Tourist Activities Increases Coral Disease Prevalence. Biological Conservation, 178, pp.88–96.
Lamb, J.B. & Willis, B.L., 2011. Using Coral Disease Prevalence to Assess the Effects of Concentrating Tourism Activities on Offshore Reefs in a Tropical Marine Park. Conservation Biology, 25(5), pp.1044–1052.
Maynard, J. et al., 2015. Projections of climate conditions that increase coral disease susceptibility and pathogen abundance and virulence. Nature Climate Change, 5(7), pp.688–694.
Mellani, N.L.P.F., Hendrawan, I.G. & Karim, W., 2019. Kondisi Kesehatan Karang Genus Porites di Perairan Jemeluk dan Penuktukan-Bali. Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences, 5(1), pp.29–35.
Miller, J. et al., 2015. Baseline coral disease surveys within three marine parks in Sabah, Borneo. PeerJ, 2015(11), pp.1–13.
Montilla, L.M. et al., 2019. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 50 years of coral disease research visualized through the scope of network theory. PeerJ, 2019(6), pp.1–18.
Morais, J., Cardoso, A.P.L.R. & Santos, B.A., 2022. A Global Synthesis of the Current Knowledge on the Taxonomic and Geographic Distribution of Major Coral Diseases. Environmental Advances, 8(2022), pp.1–13.
Moriarty, T. et al., 2020. Coral Disease Causes, Consequences, and Risk within Coral Restoration. Trends in Microbiology, 28(10).
Nelson, H.R. & Altieri, A.H., 2019. Oxygen : The Universal Currency on Coral Reefs. Coral Reefs, 38(2), pp.177–198.
Noviana, L. et al., 2018. Studi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu. Journal of Nature Resources and Environmental Management, 9(2), pp.352–365.
van Oppen, M.J.H. & Blackall, L.L., 2019. Coral microbiome dynamics, functions and design in a changing world. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17(9), pp.557–567.
Page, C.E. et al., 2023. A Coral Disease Outbreak Highlights Vulnerability of Remote High-Latitude Lagoons to Global and Local Stressors. iScience, 26(3), p.106205.
Rachmayanti, F.A. et al., 2025. Prevalence and Environmental Factors Affecting the Emergence of Black Band Disease and White Syndrome on Montipora Corals in Pari Island Waters, Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Journal of Marine Biotechnology and Immunology, 3(1), pp.1–7.
Raymundo, L.J. et al., 2008. Coral Disease Handbook: Guidelines for Assessment, Monitoring & Management L. J. Raymundo, C. S. Couch, & C. D. Harvell, eds., Australia: The University of Queensland.
Sabdono, A. et al., 2019. Preliminary Study of The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment, Released by Marine Floating Cages, on The Coral Disease Outbreak in Karimunjawa, Indonesia. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 30(10074), pp.1–5.
Shore-Maggio, A. et al., 2015. Differences in bacterial community structure in two color morphs of the Hawaiian reef coral Montipora capitata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(20), pp.7312–7318.
Siringoringo, R.M. et al., 2019. Distribution and Community Structure of Coral Reefs In The West Coast Of Sumatra Indonesia. ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 24(1), pp.51–60.
Soffer, N., Zaneveld, J. & Vega Thurber, R., 2015. Phage-bacteria network analysis and its implication for the understanding of coral disease. Environmental Microbiology, 17(4), pp.1203–1218.
Suci, R.D., Yurianto, M. & Said, B.D., 2021. Manajemen Tata Kelola Maritim Kepulauan Seribu sebagai Kawasan Strategis Nasional dalam Perspektif Keamanan Maritim. Jurnal Maritim Indonesia, 9(3), pp.281–298.
Thirukanthan, C.S. et al., 2023. The Evolution of Coral Reef under Changing Climate: A Scientometric Review. Animals, 13(5).
Vega Thurber, R. et al., 2020. Deciphering Coral Disease Dynamics: Integrating Host, Microbiome, and the Changing Environment. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8(November), pp.1–18.
Work, T.M. et al., 2008. Biomedical and veterinary science can increase our understanding of coral disease. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 362(2), pp.63–70.
Zakaria, I.J. et al., 2021. Diseases and Health Disturbances on Scleractinian Corals in the West Sumatra Sea, Indian Ocean. AACL Bioflux, 14(1), pp.462–477.
Zurba, N., 2019. Pengenalan Terumbu Karang Sebagai Pondasi Utama Laut Kita, Aceh: Unimal Press.