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Identification of Hard Coral Disease (Scleractina) in Seribu Islands
Corresponding Author(s) : Riyanti
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Highlight Research
- Coral colonies affected by coral disease are identified and counted.
- White syndrome is a type of coral disease that is dominattly found.
- Coral cover in the Kepulauan Seribu is in moderate condition.
- A weak correlation between the prevalence of coral disease and live cover in the Kepulauan Seribu
Abstract
Kepulauan Seribu is designated as a marine conservation area in Kepulauan Seribu National Park and is one of high tourism development areas on the north side of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. Anthropogenic sources from these nearby areas has reduced the health condition of coral reefs and increased the prevalence of coral diseases in the study area. This study aimed to determine the genus of coral infected by disease, the type of disease, and the relationship between the prevalence of disease and live cover in Kepulauan Seribu. Data was collected using the survey method. Coral cover is assessed using Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) and disease is assessed using Belt Transect methods, respectively. The result showed that 14 genera of coral species were infected and dominated by Porites, Montipora, and Acropora. Furthermore, there were 5 types of diseases, dominated by White Syndrome (WS), Atramentous Necrosis (AtN) and Ulcerative White Spots (S). The correlation analysis results showed a very low relationship between disease prevalence and live coral cover (r = 0.10). This research can be used as input or reference for more sustainable coral reef management, by improving an integrated coastal education system for the younger generation and developing more sustainable tourism activities in the future in Kepulauan Seribu.
Keywords
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- Beeden, R., Willis, B. L., Raymundo, L. J., Page, C. A., & Weil, E. (2008). Underwater cards for assessing coral health on Indo-Pacific reefs. Coral reef targeted research and capacity building for management program: Currie communications. Australia: The University of Queensland.
- Caldwell, J. M., Aeby, G., Heron, S. F., & Donahue, M. J. (2020). Case-control design identifies ecological drivers of endemic coral diseases. Scientific Reports, 10(1):2831.
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References
Abrar, M., & Bachtiar, I. (2012). Community structure and disease in corals (Scleractinian) in the waters of Lembata, East Nusa Tenggara). Ilmu Kelautan, 17(2):109-118.
Aeby, G. S., Shore, A., Jensen, T., Ziegler, M., Work, T., & Voolstra, C. R. (2021). A comparative baseline of coral disease in three regions along the Saudi Arabian coast of the central Red Sea. PloS One, 16(7):e0246854.
Arifin, T. (2016). The health condition of coral reefs on small islands in Jakarta Bay. Jurnal Kelautan Nasional, 11(3):175-187.
Baum, G., Januar, H. I., Ferse, S. C., & Kunzmann, A. (2015). Local and regional impacts of pollution on coral reefs along the thousand islands north of the megacity Jakarta, Indonesia. PloS One, 10(9):e0138271.
Beeden, R., Willis, B. L., Raymundo, L. J., Page, C. A., & Weil, E. (2008). Underwater cards for assessing coral health on Indo-Pacific reefs. Coral reef targeted research and capacity building for management program: Currie communications. Australia: The University of Queensland.
Caldwell, J. M., Aeby, G., Heron, S. F., & Donahue, M. J. (2020). Case-control design identifies ecological drivers of endemic coral diseases. Scientific Reports, 10(1):2831.
Cleary, D. F. R., Polónia, A. R. M., Renema, W., Hoeksema, B. W., Rachello-Dolmen, P. G., Moolenbeek, R. G., Budiyanto, A., Yahmantoro, Tuti, Y., Giyanto, Draisma, S. G. A., Prud'home van Reine, W. F., Hariyanto, R., Gittemnberger, A., Rikoh, M. S., & de Voogd, N. J. (2016). Variation in the composition of corals, fishes, sponges, echinoderms, ascidians, molluscs, foraminifera and macroalgae across a pronounced in-to-offshore environmental gradient in the Jakarta Bay–Thousand Islands coral reef complex. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 110(2):701-717.
Delpopi, M., Zamani, N. P., Soedarma, D., & Johan, O. (2015). Prevalence, insidence and progression black-band disease on scleractinian coral (Montipora spp) in shallow water of Pari Islands. Ilmu Kelautan: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 20(1):52-60.
English, S., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. (1997). Survey manual for tropical marine resources (2nded.). Townsville: Australia Institute Resources.
Estradivari, S. M., Susilo, N., Yusri, S., & Timotius, S. (2007). Jakarta coral reefs: Long-term monitoring of the Kepulauan Seribu coral reefs (2004-2005). Jakarta: Yayasan Terangi.
Fahlevy, K., Prabowo, B., Mubarok, M. W. I., Fahrezil, F. Y., Abdurrahman, M. I., Prasetial, M. F., Wicaksono, R. Z., Aprizan, M., Subhan, B., & Madduppa, H. (2019). Comparing hard coral cover between Panggang and Kelapa Island administrative village, Seribu Islands National Park, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 241(012036):1-13.
Fahlevy, K., Khodijah, S., Nasrullah, I. A., Fathihatunnisa, R., Subhan, B., & Madduppa, H. (2017). Site and depth influence on coral reef structure and composition in Seribu Islands, Jakarta. Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 2(1):28-38.
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Gassen, L., Esters, L., Ribas-Ribas, M., & Wurl, O. (2024). The impact of rainfall on the sea surface salinity: a mesocosm study. Scientific Reports, 14(1):1-14.
Giyanto, Abrar, M., Hadi, T. A., Budiyanto, A., Muhammad Hafizt, Salatalohy, A., & Iswari, M. Y. (2017). The status of coral reefs in Indonesia, 2017. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi LIPI.
Giyanto, Manuputty, A. E. W., Abrar, M., Siringoringo, R. M., Suharti, S. R., Wibowo, K., Edrus, I. N., Arbi, U. Y., Cappenberg, H. A. W., Sihaloho, H. F., Tuti, Y., & Zulfianita, D. (2014). Coral reef health monitoring guide: Coral reefs, reef fish, megabenthos and report writing. Jakarta: COREMAP CTI. Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi LIPI.
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Giyanto, Sari, N. W. P., Siringoringo, R. M., Abrar, M., Hadi, T. A., Hermato, B., Fatri, L. O. A., Fauzi, I., & Kurniawan, F. (2021). Indonesian coral reef potential data 2021. Jakarta: COREMAP-CTI. Pusat Riset Oseanografi BRIN.
Greene, A., Donahue, M. J., Caldwell, J. M., Heron, S. F., Geiger, E., & Raymundo, L. J. (2020). Coral disease time series highlight size-dependent risk and other drivers of white syndrome in a multi-species model. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(1):1-16.
Harvell, C. D. Jordán-Dahlgren, E., Merkel, S., Rosenberg, E., Raymundo, L., Smith, G. & Willis, B. (2007). Coral disease, environmental drivers, and the balance between coral and microbial associates. Oceanography, 20(1):172-195.
Hasim, H. (2021). Mangrove ecosystem, seagrass, coral reef: its role in self-purification and carrying capacity in coastal areas. International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review, 2(1):37-49.
Hasma, S., Sadarun, B. & Palupi, R. D. (2019). Abundance and prevalence of coral diseases in Langara Waters, Konawa Islands, Southeast Sulawesi. Jurnal Sapa Laut, 4(2):99-105.
Hazrul, H., Palupi, R. D. & Ketjulan, R. (2016). Identification of coral diseases (Scleractinia) in the waters of Saponda Island, Southeast Sulawesi. Jurnal Sapa Laut, 1(2):32-41.
Huang, C. Y. Hwang, J. S., Yamashiro, H., & Tang, S. L. (2021). Spatial and cross-seasonal patterns of coral diseases in reefs of Taiwan: High prevalence and regional variation. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 146:145-156.
Ihsan, Y. N., Purba, N. P., Faizal, I., Anya, A., Mulyani, P. G., & Anwar, S. K. (2022). Impact of the pandemic COVID-19 to the Indonesia Seas. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 40(1):30-36.
Johan, O., Bengen, D. G., Zamani, N. P., & Suharsono, S. (2013). Spatial distribution and abundance of black belt coral disease in the Thousand Islands, Jakarta. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 8(3):439-451.
Johan, O., Bengen, D. G., Zamani, N. P., & Sweet, M. J. (2015). The distribution and abundance of black band disease and white syndrome in Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 22(3):105-112.
Johan, O., Purwanto, P., Rumengan, I., & Awaludinnoer, A. (2020). Abundance of coral diseases in the Ayau Islands and Raja Ampat Regency, Asia. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 15(2):121-128.
Johan, O., Zamany, N. P., Smith, D., & Sweet, M. J. (2016). Prevalence and incidence of black band disease of Scleractinian corals in the Kepulauan Seribu region of Indonesia. Diversity, 8(2):1-9.
Khuzma, N. L., Suryanto, A. & Purnomo, P. W. (2016). The relationship between nitrate content and zooxanthellae density in several types of coral on the reef flat of Pari Island, Seribu Islands, Jakarta. Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES), 5(4):293-301.
Lamb, J.B., True, J. D., Piromvaragorn, S., & Willis, B. L. (2014). Scuba diving damage and intensity of tourist activities increases coral disease prevalence. Biological Conservation, 178:88-96.
Lamb, J. B. & Willis, B. L. (2011). Using coral disease prevalence to assess the effects of concentrating tourism activities on offshore reefs in a tropical marine park. Conservation Biology, 25(5):1044-1052.
Maynard, J., Van Hooidonk, R., Eakin, C. M., Puotinen, M., Garren, M., Williams, G., & Harvell, C. D (2015). Projections of climate conditions that increase coral disease susceptibility and pathogen abundance and virulence. Nature Climate Change, 5(7):688-694.
Mellani, N. L. P. F., Hendrawan, I. G. & Karim, W. (2019). Health condition of porites genus coral in Jemeluk and Penuktukan waters, Bali. Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences, 5(1):29-35.
Miller, J., Sweet, M. J., Wood, E., & Bythell, J (2015). Baseline coral disease surveys within three marine parks in Sabah, Borneo. PeerJ, 2015(11):1-13.
Montilla, L.M., Ascanio, A., Verde, A., & Croquer, A. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of 50 years of coral disease research visualized through the scope of network theory. PeerJ, 7(6):1-18.
Morais, J., Cardoso, A. P. L. R. & Santos, B. A. (2022). A global synthesis of the current knowledge on the taxonomic and geographic distribution of major coral diseases. Environmental Advances, 8(2022):1-13.
Moriarty, T., Leggat, W., Huggett, M. J., & Ainsworth, T. D. (2020). Coral disease causes, consequences, and risk within coral restoration. Trends in Microbiology, 28(10).
Nelson, H. R. & Altieri, A. H. (2019). Oxygen: The universal currency on coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 38(2):177-198.
Noviana, L., Arifin, H. S., & Adrianto, L. Kholil. (2019). Coral reef ecosystem study in the Seribu Islands National Park. Journal of Nature Resources and Environmental Management, 9(2):352-365.
Page, C. E., Leggat, W., Egan, S., & Ainsworth, T. D. (2023). A coral disease outbreak highlights vulnerability of remote high-latitude lagoons to global and local stressors. iScience, 26(3):106205.
Rachmayanti, F. A., Agung, M. U. K., Astuty, S., Diana, S., & Johan, O. (2025). Prevalence and environmental factors affecting the emergence of black band disease and white syndrome on montipora corals in Pari Island Waters, Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Journal of Marine Biotechnology and Immunology, 3(1):1-7.
Raymundo, L. J., Couch, C. S., Bruckner, A. W., Harvell, C. D., Work, T. M., Weil, E., Woodey, C. M., Jordán-Dahlgren, E., Willis, B. L., Sato, Y., & Aeby, G. S. (2008). Coral disease handbook: Guidelines for assessment, monitoring & management. Melbourne: Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management (CRTR).
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