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Aquatic Resource Management

Spatio - Temporal Distribution of Nitrate and Phosphate in Serayu Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia

Nuning Vita Hidayati
Aquatic Resources Magister Program, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6154-9257
Ilma Azizah Arviani
Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5477-7317
Sesilia Rani Samudra
Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6582-5079
Agus Salim
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3428-8060
Dewi Wisudyanti Budi Hastuti
Marine Sciences Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7739-8091
Nabela Fikriyya
Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4986-0326
Abdul Malik Firdaus
Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0313-8454
Tri Susanti
Serayu-Citanduy Water Resources Management Center, Purwokerto, Central Java 53116, Indonesia
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-401X
Ghofar Ismail Putra
Aquatic Resources Magister Program, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia
El Mountassir El Mouchtari
Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-7179

Corresponding Author(s) : Ilma Azizah Arviani

ilmaarviani22@gmail.com

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 2025: IN PRESS ISSUE (JUST ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT, 2025)

Abstract

Graphical Abstract



 


Highlight Research



  • First study to analyze the three-year spatiotemporal distribution of nitrate and phosphate in the Serayu River Basin.

  • Reveals seasonal and spatial nutrient hotspots linked to agricultural runoff and domestic activities.

  • Identifies strong correlations: nitrate with TSS and COD (2021), and phosphate with COD (2021–2022) and pH (2023).

  • Supports integrated watershed management through evidence-based nutrient pollution assessment using PCA and spatial mapping.


 


 


Abstract


The Serayu Watershed is a vital area in Indonesia, where agricultural runoff contributes to nutrient enrichment in rivers. This study offers novelty as it is the first to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of nitrate and phosphate in the Serayu River over a three-year period (2021–2023). The research aims to support sustainable watershed management by examining nutrient dynamics and their correlation with environmental parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total suspended solids (TSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Water sampling was conducted at 15 stations across upstream, midstream, and downstream segments. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and PAST 4.03, applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and biplot methods. Results showed nitrate levels were highest downstream in 2021, but shifted upstream in 2022–2023, likely due to organic matter decomposition. Phosphate remained highest midstream throughout the period, linked to domestic activity and land use. Nitrate levels fluctuated seasonally, especially during the rainy season, while phosphate levels were relatively stable. Spatial mapping highlighted dynamic nitrate changes in Banjarnegara and Cilacap, with phosphate distribution remaining more uniform. Correlation analysis revealed nitrate was related to TSS and COD in 2021, had no significant correlation in 2022, and was linked with pH in 2023. Phosphate consistently correlated with COD and pH. These findings emphasize that both natural and human-induced factors drive nutrient variability in the Serayu watershed, underlining the urgency of integrated watershed management to control nutrient pollution and protect water quality.

Keywords

NutrientWatershedSerayu riverWater pollution
Vita Hidayati, N., Arviani, I. A. ., Rani Samudra, S., Agus Salim, Dewi Wisudyanti Budi Hastuti, Nabela Fikriyya, Abdul Malik Firdaus, Tri Susanti, Ghofar Ismail Putra, & El Mountassir El Mouchtari. (2025). Spatio - Temporal Distribution of Nitrate and Phosphate in Serayu Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan. Retrieved from https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JIPK/article/view/72871
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Author Biographies

Nuning Vita Hidayati, Aquatic Resources Magister Program, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia

Aquatic Resources Magister Program, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty,  Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto,  53123, Indonesia

Ilma Azizah Arviani, Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia

Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty,  Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto,  53123, Indonesia

Sesilia Rani Samudra, Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia

Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty,  Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto,  53123, Indonesia

Agus Salim, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah, Indonesia

Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif  Hidayatullah, Indonesia

Dewi Wisudyanti Budi Hastuti, Marine Sciences Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia

Marine Sciences Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty,  Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto,  53123, Indonesia

Nabela Fikriyya, Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia

Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty,  Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto,  53123, Indonesia

Abdul Malik Firdaus, Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia

Aquatic Resources Management Department, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty,  Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto,  53123, Indonesia

Tri Susanti, Serayu-Citanduy Water Resources Management Center, Purwokerto, Central Java 53116, Indonesia

Serayu-Citanduy Water Resources Management Center, Purwokerto, Central Java 53116, Indonesia

Ghofar Ismail Putra, Aquatic Resources Magister Program, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia

Aquatic Resources Magister Program, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty,  Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto,  53123, Indonesia

El Mountassir El Mouchtari, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco

Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco

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