Literature Review: The Relationship of Breakfast Skipping with Overweight/Obesity
Downloads
Background: The number of overweight and obese people in the world is increasing, and the worldwide increase in obesity affects health and reduces quality of life. Obesity is a risk factor for degenerative diseases that have serious health consequences. Research conducted in 2016 showed that more than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 years and older are overweight. Factors that influence the occurrence of obesity are genetics, less physical activity, more calorie intake, and an irregular diet.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the association between skipping breakfast and overweight/obesity.
Methods: The writing of this review article used a literature review approach where this study used data findings and/or previous research data on the topic of skipping breakfast with overweight / obesity in as many as six cross-sectional studies, case-control and cohort. The databases used are Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed.
Results: Regular breakfast can effectively reduce the risk of obesity. Skipping breakfast can change the circadian rhythm, which is the natural pattern the human body repeats every 24 hours, which can affect energy intake, bodily functions and emotional states. These changes can cause a person to consume more calories during the day and night, resulting in an increase in body fat, which manifests as weight gain. Changes in eating habits impact fast food consumption, which will increase total energy consumption.
Conclusions: Based on the six articles reviewed, all articles showed a significant association between skipping breakfast and obesity. Five studies showed significant results that gender was one of the influences on the association of breakfast skipping with obesity. Still, there was no dietary assessment in the reviewed studies, including energy and nutrient energy and nutrient consumption data to assess the distribution of daily intake between meals. However, one another article shows no association of gender with meal skipping.
Aanesen, A., Katzmarzyk, P.T. and Ernstsen, L. (2020) ‘Breakfast skipping and overweight/obesity in first grade primary school children: A nationwide register-based study in Iceland', Clinical Obesity, 10(5), pp. 1–8. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12384.
Adriani, M. and Wirjatmadi, B. (2016). ‘Pengantar Gizi Masyarakat', Jakarta: Kencana.
AlTamimi, J.Z. et al. (2022) ‘Prevalence of Fast Food Intake among a Multi-Ethnic Population of Young Men and Its Connection with Sociodemographic Determinants and Obesity', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214933.
Arraniri, M., Desmawati, D. and Aprilia, D. (2017) ‘Hubungan Kebiasaan Sarapan dan Asupan Kalori dengan Persentase Lemak Tubuh pada Mahasiswa Prodi Profesi Dokter Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Angkatan 2013-2015', Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 6(2), p. 265. Available at: https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v6i2.689.
Croezen, S. et al. (2009) ‘Skipping breakfast, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity as risk factors for overweight and obesity in adolescents: Results of the E-MOVO project', European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63(3). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602950.
Frank, G.C. (2009) ‘Breakfast: What Does It Mean?', American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827608327924.
Gibson (2005) ‘Principles of Nutritional Assessment. Google Books', Oxford University Press, 5(2), pp. 3–49. Available at: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lBlu7UKI3aQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=nutrition+assessment+methods+&ots=RWMvOPdtoG&sig=ybspmKubXg7GbEQrTkB27C5mM7c&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=nutrition assessment methods&f=false.
Giovannini, M. et al. (2008) ‘Breakfast: A good habit, not a repetitive custom', Journal of International Medical Research, 36(4), pp. 613–624. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/147323000803600401.
Goyal, R. and Julka, S. (2014) ‘Impact of breakfast skipping on the health status of the population', Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 18(5). Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.139233.
Greenwood, J.L.J. and Stanford, J.B. (2008) ‘Preventing or improving obesity by addressing specific eating patterns', Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2008.02.070034.
Guyton, A.C. (1994) Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. 12th edn. Jakarta: Buku Kedokteran EGC.
Hirao, A. et al. (2010). ‘Combination of starvation interval and food volume determines the phase of liver circadian rhythm in Per2::Luc knock-in mice under two meals per day feeding', American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 299(5). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00330.2010.
Howden, J.A. et al. (1993). ‘Breakfast practices in the Asian region.', Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 2(2).
Jakubowicz, D. et al. (2015). ‘Fasting until noon triggers increased postprandial hyperglycemia and impaired insulin response after lunch and dinner in individuals with type 2 Diabetes: A randomized clinical trial', Diabetes Care, 38(10). Available at: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0761.
Jane, M. (2019). ‘Gizi Dalam Kesehatan Reproduksi. Pustaka Belajar', Yogyakarta: Pustaka Belajar.
Kemenkes RI. (2014). ‘PMK No.41 ttg Pedoman Gizi Seimbang', Kementerian Kesehatan RI [Preprint].
Kurdanti, W. et al. (2015). ‘Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian obesitas pada remaja', Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia, 11(4). Available at: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.22900.
Longo-Silva, G. et al. (2022). ‘Breakfast skipping and timing of lunch and dinner: Relationship with BMI and obesity', Obesity Research and Clinical Practice, 16(6), pp. 507–513. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2022.10.012.
Ma, X. et al. (2020). ‘Skipping breakfast is associated with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis', Obesity Research and Clinical Practice. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2019.12.002.
Nurcahyo, F. (2011) ‘Kaitan Antara Obesitas Dan Aktivitas Fisik', Medikora, VII(1), pp. 87–96. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21831/medikora.v0i1.4663.
O'Neil, C.E. et al. (2014). ‘The role of breakfast in health: Definition and criteria for a quality breakfast', Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(12). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.08.022.
í–nnerfält, J. et al. (2018). ‘Obese children aged 4–6 displayed decreased fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels in response to a test meal', Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, 107(3). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14165.
Rampersaud, G.C. et al. (2005). ‘Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents', Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105(5). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.007.
Rina, N. (2011) Pencegahan dan Manajemen Obesitas: Panduan Untuk Keluarga. Jakarta: PT Alex Media Komputindo.
Riordan, F. et al. (2018) ‘Breakfast skipping and overweight/obesity among European adolescents, a cross-selectional analysis of the HELENA dataset: A DEDIPAC study', Revue d'í‰pidémiologie et de Santé Publique, 66. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2018.05.007.
Roberto, C.A. et al. (2015) ‘Patchy progress on obesity prevention: Emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking', The Lancet. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61744-X.
Seidell, J.C. and Halberstadt, J. (2015) ‘The global burden of obesity and the challenges of prevention', Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 66. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1159/000375143.
Septyaningrum, N. and Martini, S. (2014) ‘Lingkar Perut Mempunyai Hubungan Paling Kuat dengan Kadar Gula Darah', Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, 2(1), pp. 48–58. Available: https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/JBE/article/download/161/31
Swari, K.G.Y., Mulyantari, N.K. and Yasa, I.W.P.S. (2022) ‘Hubungan Melewatkan Sarapan terhadap Kejadian Overweight dan Obesitas pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Udayana', Jurnal medika udayana, 11(3), pp. 116–121. Available at: https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eum.
Watanabe, Y. et al. (2014) ‘Skipping Breakfast is Correlated with Obesity', 9(2), pp. 51–58.
WHO (2020) WHO. World Health Organization (WHO): Obesity and overweight, World Health Organization.
Witbracht, M. et al. (2015) ‘Female breakfast skippers display a disrupted cortisol rhythm and elevated blood pressure', Physiology and Behavior, 140. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.12.044.
Yaguchi-Tanaka, Y. and Tabuchi, T. (2021) ‘Skipping breakfast and subsequent overweight/obesity in children: A nationwide prospective study of 2.5-to 13-year-old children in Japan', Journal of Epidemiology, 31(7), pp. 417–425. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20200266.
Yamamoto, R. et al. (2021) ‘Living alone and prediction of weight gain and overweight/obesity in university students: a retrospective cohort study', Journal of American College Health [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1927052.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ristanti Sekar Arum
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Media Gizi Kesmas by Unair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright and to retain the publishing right of the article without restrictions.
2. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
3. The Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the conditions that the creator is appropriately credited and that any derivative work is made available under "the same, similar or a compatible license”. Other than the conditions mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violations.
