Efek Diet Ketogenik pada Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2: Scoping Review
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Latar Belakang : Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 (DMT2) merupakan penyakit metabolik yang sampai saat ini masih menjadi masalah terbesar di dunia dan Indonesia. Penatalaksanaan diet dianggap sebagai komponen penting dalam manajemen diabetes. Diet ketogenik (DK) dilaporkan memiliki efek yang baik dalam manajemen terapi pasien DMT2 dengan memperbaiki parameter glukosa darah, profil lipid maupun antropometri, namun dibutuhkan pemahaman yang tepat terkait praktik pemberiannya agar efektif untuk perbaikan parameter DMT2.
Tujuan: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan meninjau kembali kesenjangan dari hasil penelitian terdahulu terkait efek DK pada parameter DMT2 yaitu glukosa darah, profil lipid, dan antropometri.
Ulasan: Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan DK dapat memberikan dampak positif terhadap perbaikan parameter pada pasien DMT2 (profil glukosa, profil lipid, dan indeks antropometri). Pemberian karbohidrat sebanyak 20-50 g/hari atau sekitar 5-10%, lemak 70-75% dan protein 20-15% dari total kebutuhan energi harian dapat menciptakan keadaan ketosis nutrisi. Pengaruh DK pada penderita DMT2 bergantung pada proporsi dan jenis makanan yang dikonsumsi, lama penerapan serta kepatuhan terhadap diet yang dijalankan. Komposisi DK yang tidak tepat akan menimbulkan efek samping yang membahayakan kondisi pasien.
Kesimpulan: Diet ketogenik memiliki perubahaan positif pada parameter DMT2 yaitu glukosa darah dan antropometri. Namun, efek diet ketogenik pada parameter profil lipid tidak selalu memberikan hasil yang baik. Sehingga, diperlukan pengawasan dari tenaga medis /dokter, nutrisionis dan/atau dietisien agar diperoleh pilihan bahan makanan yang baik dan sesuai dengan kondisi individual pasien DMT2.
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