25(OH)D Status in Metabolic Syndrome, Metabolic Syndrome Components, and Healthy Adult
Status 25(OH)D pada Penderita Sindrom Metabolik, Komponen Sindrom Metabolik, dan Orang Dewasa Sehat
Downloads
Background: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) has been widely implemented in developed countries and is now being introduced in developing countries. However, recent studies have shown no association between vitamin D and MetS in adults.
Objectives: This study aims to obtain a profile of vitamin D values in adults and explore vitamin D status in MetS patients, MetS components, and healthy adults.
Methods: This research design was a cross-sectional study, utilizing both secondary and primary data from the research on the Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases (RF-NCD) longitudinal study in 2021. Serum 25(OH)D levels in 956 adult respondents were determined by Enzyme-linked Immune Assay (ELISA) analysis using Stored Biological Material (SBM) serum from the 2021 RF-NCD longitudinal study. The ANOVA test was used to determine differences in vitamin D levels in various physiological conditions of respondents (MetS, MetS components, and healthy people).
Results: A total of 68.5% of respondents had inadequate (deficiency and insufficiency) serum vitamin D levels, with an average of 26.5 ng/mL. The average vitamin D levels between MetS patients, MetS components, and healthy people were not significantly different (p-value>0.05). However, the number or percentage of respondents with 25(OH)D deficiency in the MetS group (12.1%) was higher than other physiological conditions.
Conclusions: Most of the respondents in this study have inadequate vitamin D levels. The average vitamin D levels did not differ between physiological conditions. Further studies are needed on other micronutrient factors that affect the incidence of MetS and its components.
Grundy, S. M. et al. Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome. Circulation 112, 2735–2752 (2005). doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404
Ginting, D. A., Julianto, E. & Lumbanraja, A. Literature Review Analisis Faktor – Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan. Jurnal Kedokteran Methodist 12, 19–23 (2019). https://ejurnal.methodist.ac.id/index.php/jkm/article/view/668
Sihombing, M. & Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini. Faktor Risiko Sindrom Metabolik Pada Orang Dewasa Di Kota Bogor (Risk Factors Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults In Bogor). Penel Gizi Makan 38, 21–30 (2015). https://pgm.persagi.org/index.php/pgm/article/view/56
Rahmawati, N. D. et al. Body Mass Index as a Dominant Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome Among Indonesian Adults: A 6-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Non-Communicable Diseases. BMC Nutr 10, (2024). doi:10.1186/s40795-024-00856-8
Schmitt, E. B. et al. Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal women. Maturitas 107, 97–102 (2018). doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.10.011
Jaruratanasirikul, S. Vitamin D: An Essential Micronutrient for Bone Health. PSU Med J 1, 29–37 (2021). doi:10.31584/psumj.2021246040
Jiang, Z. et al. High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition vol. 63 3602–3611 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1990850 (2023).
Nimitphong, H. & Holick, M. F. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Asia Vitamin D Status and Sun Exposure in Southeast Asia. Dermato-endocrinology journal 5, (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24494040/
Oktaria, V. et al. The Prevalence and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency in Indonesian Infants at Birth and Six Months of Age. PLoS One 15, (2020). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239603
Octavius, G. S., Shakila, A., Meliani, M. & Halim, A. Vitamin D deficiency is a public health emergency among Indonesian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 28, 10–19 (2023). doi:10.6065/apem.2244170.085
Octavius, G. S., Daleni, V. A., Angeline, G. & Virliani, C. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Indonesian pregnant women: a public health emergency. AJOG Global Reports 3, 100189 (2023). doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100189
Melguizo-Rodríguez, L. et al. Role of Vitamin D in the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 13, 830 (2021). doi:10.3390/nu13030830
Zhu, W. & Heil, D. P. Associations of Vitamin D Status with Markers of Metabolic Health: A Community-Based Study in Shanghai, China. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 12, 727–732 (2018). doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.04.010
Mansouri, M. et al. Association of Vitamin D status with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Population of High Educated Iranian Adults. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 12, 393–398 (2018). doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.01.007
Pathania, M., Dhar, M., Kumar, A., Saha, S. & Malhotra, R. Association of Vitamin D Status With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus (2023) doi:10.7759/cureus.38344.
Abboud, M., Rizk, R., Haidar, S., Mahboub, N. & Papandreou, D. Association between Serum Vitamin D and Metabolic Syndrome in a Sample of Adults in Lebanon. Nutrients 15, (2023). doi:10.3390/nu15051129
Qi, K. J., Zhao, Z. T., Zhang, W. & Yang, F. The Impacts of Vitamin D Supplementation in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Frontiers in Pharmacology vol. 13 Preprint at https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1033026 (2022).
Ramasamy, I. Vitamin D Metabolism and Guidelines for Vitamin D Supplementation. Clinical Biochemist Reviews 41, 103–126 (2020). doi:10.33176/aacb-20-00006
Herningtyas, E. H. & Ng, T. S. Prevalence and Distribution of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components Among Provinces and Ethnic Groups in Indonesia. BMC Public Health 19, (2019). doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6711-7
Angelino, D. et al. Global and Regional Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Population-Based Studies from 2000 to 2020: A Pooled Analysis of 7.8 Million Participants. Nutritional Epidemiology 10, 01–13 (2023). doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1070808
Anwar K, H. D. E. S. D. View of Probability Method for Analyzing the Prevalence of Calcium, Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin D Deficiencies among Indonesian Adolescents. Gizi Pangan 13, 93–102 (2018).
Setiati, S. Vitamin D Status among Indonesian Elderly Women Living in Institutionalized Care Units. Acta Med Indones 40, (2008).
Allen, B. & Saunders, J. Malnutrition and Undernutrition: Causes, Consequences, Assessment and Management. Nutrition 51, 461–468 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2023.04.004
Chailurkit, L. O., Aekplakorn, W. & Ongphiphadhanakul, B. Regional Variation and Determinants of Vitamin D Status in Sunshine-Abundant Thailand. BMC Public Health 11, 1–7 (2011). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-853
Divyalakshmi, C., Golda, J., Sukumaran, P., Selvadurairaj, S. & Lourdhurajan, R. Vitamin D Levels in Non-Users of Sunscreen Versus Once-Daily Sunscreen Users: A Retrospective Analysis from A Cosmetic Dermatology Center in South India. Cosmoderma 2, 10 (2022). doi:10.25259/csdm_3_2022
Ernawati, F. & Budiman, B. Status Vitamin D Terkini Anak Indonesia Usia 2,0-12,9 Tatun. Gizi Indonesia 38, 73 (2015). https://doi.org/10.36457/gizindo.v38i1.169
Chee, W. S. S. et al. Vitamin D Status is Associated with Modifiable Lifestyle Factors in Pre-Adolescent Children Living in Urban Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Nutrients 13, (2021). doi:10.3390/nu13072175
Gupta, P. et al. Indian Academy of Pediatrics Revised (2021) Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency and Rickets. Indian Pediatr 59, 142–158 (2022).
Gradillas-García, A., Álvarez, J., Rubio, J. A. & de Abajo, F. J. Relationship between Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Population of the Community of Madrid. Endocrinologia y Nutricion 62, (2015). doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2014.12.008
Copyright (c) 2024 Amerta Nutrition
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
AMERTA NUTR by Unair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
4. The Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the conditions that the creator is appropriately credited and that any derivative work is made available under "the same, similar or a compatible license”. Other than the conditions mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation.
