Analysis of White Feces Disease (WFD) caused by Vibrio sp. Bacteria and Dinoflagellata in Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Brackishwater Culture Pond

Moh. Awaludin Adam; Irawati Mei Widiastuti; Ernawati Ernawati; Achmad Yani Yayan; Era Insivitawati; Yuliana Yuliana; Rini Fitriasari Pakaya; Agoes Soegianto; Ach. Khumaidi

doi:10.20473/jipk.v14i1.26684

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 1 (2022): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN

Issue Published : February 27, 2022

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Submitted

May 5, 2021

Accepted

October 7, 2021

Published

February 27, 2022

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Analysis of White Feces Disease (WFD) caused by Vibrio sp. Bacteria and Dinoflagellata in Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Brackishwater Culture Pond

https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v14i1.26684

Moh. Awaludin Adam

Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Ibrahimy, Situbondo, East Java. Research Center for Limnology, BRIN, Cibinong, Bogor.

Irawati Mei Widiastuti

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, University of Tadulako, Palu, Central Sulawesi. Indonesia

Ernawati Ernawati

Technology of Fisheries Product, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Yudharta, Pasuruan, East Java.

Achmad Yani Yayan

Stations of PSDKP Ambon, Marine and Fisheries Ministry.

Era Insivitawati

Polytechnics of Marine and Fisheries, KKP, Sidoarjo, East Java.

Yuliana Yuliana

SMKN Keruak 1, East Lombok, NTB.

Rini Fitriasari Pakaya

Department of Marine and Fisheries, Gorontalo.

Agoes Soegianto

9Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java.

Ach. Khumaidi

Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Ibrahimy, Situbondo, East Java

Corresponding Author(s) : Ach. Khumaidi

ach.khumaidi@gmail.com

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 14 No. 1 (2022): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Article Published : February 27, 2022

Abstract

Highlight Research

Indicated that white feces at Vanammei appeared along with the appearance of the disease besides its main trigger that is Vibrio sp.
Increase the availability of carbon for photosynthesis process of phytoplankton.
Clinical symptom of shrimp attacked by white feces disease is indicated by a change in intestine.

Abstract

Shrimp disease that currently causes economic loss to shrimp farmers is White Feces Disease (WFD). This disease appeared due to several factors, such as poor pond management, unhealthy shrimp seed, and poor water quality which resulted in the appearance of Vibrio sp. bacteria and Dinoflagellate. This study aimed to analyze the cause of WFD outbreak in vannamei shrimp pond. The study method through direct experiment was applied in shrimp pond. Sampling was performed three times in each feeding tray to collect ten shrimps. Overall, sampling was performed twice a week. The Sample Survey Method was used to collect sample in this study. Result of study showed that clinical symptom was observed through changes in pattern and behavior of vannamei shrimp during culture. However, this observation resulted in insignificant data. Vannamei shrimp infected WFD tended to swim slower and often rose to the surface with body color turned red. Moreover, total organic matter (TOM) increased on week-7 along with the increasing growth of plankton, particularly from the Dinoflagellate group. However, bacterial growth of Vibrio sp. on week-7 was insignificant, yet many shrimps were found dead with white feces during that period. The result of analysis indicated that white feces disease was caused by Dinoflagellate besides the main trigger, namely, Vibrio sp.

Keywords

Clinical Symptom Dinoflagellata TOM Vibrio sp White Feces

Adam, M. A., Widiastuti, I. M., Ernawati, E., Yayan, A. Y., Insivitawati, E., Yuliana, Y., Pakaya, R. F., Soegianto, A., & Khumaidi, A. (2022). Analysis of White Feces Disease (WFD) caused by Vibrio sp. Bacteria and Dinoflagellata in Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Brackishwater Culture Pond. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 14(1), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v14i1.26684

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References

Adam, M. A., & Maftuch, M. (2015). Evaluasi Pengoptimalan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Terhadap Pencemaran Sungai Wangi Di Pasuruan. Journal of Enviromental Engineering and Sustainable Technology, 2(1):1–5.
Adam, M. A., Maftuch, M., Kilawati, Y., & Risjani, Y. (2019a). Clinical Symptoms of Gambusia Fsih (Gambusia affinis) After Exposure to Cadmium Absorbed in The Gills. Pollution Research, 38(March Suppl. Issue):88–93.
Adam, M. A., Maftuch, M., Kilawati, Y., & Risjani, Y. (2019b). The effect of cadmium exposure on the cytoskeleton and morphology of the gill chloride cells in juvenile mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 45(4):337–343.
Adnan, Q. (2014). Red Tide. Oceana, X(2):65–66.
Aldama-Cano, D. J., Sanguanrut, P., Munkongwongsiri, N., Ibarra-Gámez, J. C., Itsathitphaisarn, O., Vanichviriyakit, R., Flegel, T. W., Sritunyalucksana, K., & Thitamadee, S. (2018). Bioassay for spore polar tube extrusion of shrimp Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Aquaculture, 490:156–161.
Alfiansah, Y., & Gardes, A. (2019). Manajemen kualitas air dan komunitas bakteri pada tambak udang di Rembang, Indonesia: Menuju akuakultur udang yang berkelanjutan. LIPI, Policy Brief #5:20200309.
APHA. (1998). APHA, A. P. H. A. : Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Wastewater. American Physical Education Review, 24(9):481–486.
Apitanyasai, K., Noonin, C., Tassanakajon, A., Söderhäll, I., & Söderhäll, K. (2016). Characterization of a hemocyte homeostasis-associated-like protein (HHAP) in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 58:429–435.
Aranguren, L. F., Han, J. E., & Tang, K. F. J. (2017). Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a risk factor for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and septic hepatopancreatic necrosis (SHPN) in the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 471:37–42.
Ariana, D., Samiaji, J., & Nasution, S. (2014). Komposisi jenis dan kelimpahan fitoplankton perairan laut Riau. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa, 1–15.
Choirun, A., Sari, S., & Iranawati, F. (2015). Identifikasi Fitoplankton Spesies Harmfull Algae Bloom (HAB) saat Kondisi Pasang di Perairan Pesisir Brondong, Lamongan, Jawa Timur. Jurnal Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia, 25(2):58–66.
Fatmala, I., Pranggono, H., & Linayati. (2019). Identifikasi Bakteri Vibrio sp dalam Hepatopankreas Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) pada Tambak yang Diberi Probiotik di Tambak Sampang Tigo Kelurahan Degau Kota Pekalongan. Jurnal Litbang Kota Pekalongan, 16:42–48.
Fauziah, S., & Laily, A. (2015). Identifikasi Mikroalga dari Divisi Chlorophyta di Waduk Sumber Air Jaya Dusun Krebet Kecamatan Bululawang Kabupaten Malang. Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 8(1):20.
Hatmanti, A. (2003). Penyakit Bakterial Pada Budidaya Krustasea Serta Cara Penanganannya. Oseana, 3(3):1–10.
Jayadi, M., Prajitno, A., & Maftuch. (2016). The identification of vibrio spp. Bacteria from litopenaeus vannamei infected by white feces syndrome. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9(7):448–452.
Lestari, N., Julyantoro, P., & Suryaningtyas, W. (2018). Uji Tantang Bakteri Vibrio harveyi Pada Pasca Larva Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Current Trends in Aquatic Science, 119:112–119.
Li, S., Li, F., Sun, Z., Zhang, X., & Xiang, J. (2016). Differentially proteomic analysis of the Chinese shrimp at WSSV latent and acute infection stages by iTRAQ approach. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 54:629–638.
Longyant, S., Rukpratanporn, S., Chaivisuthangkura, P., Suksawad, P., Srisuk, C., Sithigorngul, W., Piyatiratitivorakul, S., & Sithigorngul, P. (2008). Identification of Vibrio spp. in vibriosis Penaeus vannamei using developed monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98(1):63–68.
Maftuch, Kurniawati, I., Adam, A., & Zamzami, I. (2016). Antibacterial effect of Gracilaria verrucosa bioactive on fish pathogenic bacteria. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 42(4):405–410.
Marbun, J., Harpeni, E., & Wardiyanto, W. (2019). Penanganan penyakit white feces pada udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei menggunakan aplikasi pakan yang dicampur ekstrak lengkuas merah Alpinia purpurata k. schum. Depik Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan, 8(2):76–86.
Mello, M. V. C., Aragí£o, M. E. F. de, Torres-Franklin, M. L. P., Neto, J. M. de O., & Guedes, M. I. F. (2011). Purification of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) in species of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in the State of Ceará. Journal of Virological Methods, 177(1):10–14.
Ning, M., Wei, P., Shen, H., Wan, X., Jin, M., Li, X., Shi, H., Qiao, Y., Jiang, G., Gu, W., Wang, W., Wang, L., & Meng, Q. (2019). Proteomic and metabolomic responses in hepatopancreas of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei infected by microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 87:534–545.
Nur'aini, Y., Hanggono, B., & Faries, A. (2019). Penanggulangan Penyakit Berak Putih Pada Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Jurnal Perekayasaan Budidaya Air Payau Dan Laut, 14:108–117.
Patil, P. K., Geetha, R., Ravisankar, T., Avunje, S., Solanki, H. G., Abraham, T. J., Vinoth, S. P., Jithendran, K. P., Alavandi, S. V., & Vijayan, K. K. (2021). Economic loss due to diseases in Indian shrimp farming with special reference to Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Aquaculture, 533:736231.
Rakasiwi, S., & Albastomi, T. S. (2017). Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Penyakit Udang Vannamei Menggunakan Metode Forward Chaining Berbasis Web. Simetris : Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro Dan Ilmu Komputer, 8(2):647.
Roza, D., & Zafran. (1998). Pengendalian Vibrio harvey Secara Biologis pada Larva Udang Windu (Panaeus monodon) : Aplikasi Bakteri Penghambat. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia, 4(2):24–30.
Rusadi, D., Wardiyanto, & Diantari, R. (2019). Treatmenr of Vibriosis Disease (Vibrio harveyi) in Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931) Using Avicennia alba Leaves Extract. E-Jurnal Rekayasa Dan Teknologi Budidaya Perairan, 7(2):909.
Sanguanrut, P., Munkongwongsiri, N., Kongkumnerd, J., Thawonsuwan, J., Thitamadee, S., Boonyawiwat, V., Tanasomwang, V., Flegel, T. W., & Sritunyalucksana, K. (2018). A cohort study of 196 Thai shrimp ponds reveals a complex etiology for early mortality syndrome (EMS). Aquaculture, 493:26–36.
Siregar, B. I. T., & Hermana, J. (2012). Identifikasi Dominasi Genus Alga Pada Air Boezem Morokembrangan Sebagai Sistem High Rate Algae Pond (HRAP). Teknik Lingkungan FTSP ITS, i–xxxiv.
Sun, Y., Li, F., & Xiang, J. (2013). Analysis on the dynamic changes of the amount of WSSV in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis during infection. Aquaculture, 376–379:124–132.
Supito, Darmawan, A. W., Arief, T., & Iwan, S. (2017). Petunjuk Teknis Teknik Budidaya Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon) Pola Sederhana Melalui Penerapan BMPs (Best Management Practices). Jepara: Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau (BBPBAP).
Suwarsih, Marsoedi, Harahab, N., & Mahmudi, M. (2016). Kondisi Kualitas Air Pada Budidaya Udang Di Tambak Wilayah Pesisir Kecamatan Palang Kabupaten Tuban. Paper presented at Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kelautan 2016, University of Trunojoyo Madura, Indonesia, 138–143.
Tait, R. (1972). Marine Plankton. Elements of Marine Ecology, 309–312.
Tang, K. F. J., Pantoja, C. R., Redman, R. M., Han, J. E., Tran, L. H., & Lightner, D. V. (2015). Development of in situ hybridization and PCR assays for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian parasite infecting penaeid shrimp. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 130:37–41.
Velmurugan, S., Palanikumar, P., Velayuthani, P., Donio, M. B. S., Babu, M. M., Lelin, C., Sudhakar, S., & Citarasu, T. (2015). Bacterial white patch disease caused by Bacillus cereus, a new emerging disease in semi-intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 444:49–54.
Wahyudi, M., & Fadlil, A. (2013). Sistem Pakar Untuk Mengidentifikasi Penyakit Udang Galah Dengan Metode Theorema Bayes. Jurnal Sarjana Teknik Informatika, 1(1):11–20.
Wang, H., Wan, X., Xie, G., Dong, X., Wang, X., & Huang, J. (2020). Insights into the histopathology and microbiome of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, suffering from white feces syndrome. Aquaculture, 527:735447.
Yuliana, Utama, I. G. N. P., & Adam, M. A. (2020). Acute Lethal Toxicity Test of Cd2 + Against Gambusia (Gambusia affinis) and Influence on Protease Activity. Samakia: Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan, 11(1):51–57.

References

Adam, M. A., & Maftuch, M. (2015). Evaluasi Pengoptimalan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Terhadap Pencemaran Sungai Wangi Di Pasuruan. Journal of Enviromental Engineering and Sustainable Technology, 2(1):1–5.

Adam, M. A., Maftuch, M., Kilawati, Y., & Risjani, Y. (2019a). Clinical Symptoms of Gambusia Fsih (Gambusia affinis) After Exposure to Cadmium Absorbed in The Gills. Pollution Research, 38(March Suppl. Issue):88–93.

Adam, M. A., Maftuch, M., Kilawati, Y., & Risjani, Y. (2019b). The effect of cadmium exposure on the cytoskeleton and morphology of the gill chloride cells in juvenile mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 45(4):337–343.

Adnan, Q. (2014). Red Tide. Oceana, X(2):65–66.

Aldama-Cano, D. J., Sanguanrut, P., Munkongwongsiri, N., Ibarra-Gámez, J. C., Itsathitphaisarn, O., Vanichviriyakit, R., Flegel, T. W., Sritunyalucksana, K., & Thitamadee, S. (2018). Bioassay for spore polar tube extrusion of shrimp Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Aquaculture, 490:156–161.

Alfiansah, Y., & Gardes, A. (2019). Manajemen kualitas air dan komunitas bakteri pada tambak udang di Rembang, Indonesia: Menuju akuakultur udang yang berkelanjutan. LIPI, Policy Brief #5:20200309.

APHA. (1998). APHA, A. P. H. A. : Standard Methods for the Examination of water and Wastewater. American Physical Education Review, 24(9):481–486.

Apitanyasai, K., Noonin, C., Tassanakajon, A., Söderhäll, I., & Söderhäll, K. (2016). Characterization of a hemocyte homeostasis-associated-like protein (HHAP) in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 58:429–435.

Aranguren, L. F., Han, J. E., & Tang, K. F. J. (2017). Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a risk factor for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and septic hepatopancreatic necrosis (SHPN) in the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 471:37–42.

Ariana, D., Samiaji, J., & Nasution, S. (2014). Komposisi jenis dan kelimpahan fitoplankton perairan laut Riau. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa, 1–15.

Choirun, A., Sari, S., & Iranawati, F. (2015). Identifikasi Fitoplankton Spesies Harmfull Algae Bloom (HAB) saat Kondisi Pasang di Perairan Pesisir Brondong, Lamongan, Jawa Timur. Jurnal Administrasi dan Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia, 25(2):58–66.

Fatmala, I., Pranggono, H., & Linayati. (2019). Identifikasi Bakteri Vibrio sp dalam Hepatopankreas Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei) pada Tambak yang Diberi Probiotik di Tambak Sampang Tigo Kelurahan Degau Kota Pekalongan. Jurnal Litbang Kota Pekalongan, 16:42–48.

Fauziah, S., & Laily, A. (2015). Identifikasi Mikroalga dari Divisi Chlorophyta di Waduk Sumber Air Jaya Dusun Krebet Kecamatan Bululawang Kabupaten Malang. Bioedukasi: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi, 8(1):20.

Hatmanti, A. (2003). Penyakit Bakterial Pada Budidaya Krustasea Serta Cara Penanganannya. Oseana, 3(3):1–10.

Jayadi, M., Prajitno, A., & Maftuch. (2016). The identification of vibrio spp. Bacteria from litopenaeus vannamei infected by white feces syndrome. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9(7):448–452.

Lestari, N., Julyantoro, P., & Suryaningtyas, W. (2018). Uji Tantang Bakteri Vibrio harveyi Pada Pasca Larva Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Current Trends in Aquatic Science, 119:112–119.

Li, S., Li, F., Sun, Z., Zhang, X., & Xiang, J. (2016). Differentially proteomic analysis of the Chinese shrimp at WSSV latent and acute infection stages by iTRAQ approach. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 54:629–638.

Longyant, S., Rukpratanporn, S., Chaivisuthangkura, P., Suksawad, P., Srisuk, C., Sithigorngul, W., Piyatiratitivorakul, S., & Sithigorngul, P. (2008). Identification of Vibrio spp. in vibriosis Penaeus vannamei using developed monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98(1):63–68.

Maftuch, Kurniawati, I., Adam, A., & Zamzami, I. (2016). Antibacterial effect of Gracilaria verrucosa bioactive on fish pathogenic bacteria. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 42(4):405–410.

Marbun, J., Harpeni, E., & Wardiyanto, W. (2019). Penanganan penyakit white feces pada udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei menggunakan aplikasi pakan yang dicampur ekstrak lengkuas merah Alpinia purpurata k. schum. Depik Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan, 8(2):76–86.

Mello, M. V. C., Aragí£o, M. E. F. de, Torres-Franklin, M. L. P., Neto, J. M. de O., & Guedes, M. I. F. (2011). Purification of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) in species of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in the State of Ceará. Journal of Virological Methods, 177(1):10–14.

Ning, M., Wei, P., Shen, H., Wan, X., Jin, M., Li, X., Shi, H., Qiao, Y., Jiang, G., Gu, W., Wang, W., Wang, L., & Meng, Q. (2019). Proteomic and metabolomic responses in hepatopancreas of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei infected by microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 87:534–545.

Nur'aini, Y., Hanggono, B., & Faries, A. (2019). Penanggulangan Penyakit Berak Putih Pada Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei). Jurnal Perekayasaan Budidaya Air Payau Dan Laut, 14:108–117.

Patil, P. K., Geetha, R., Ravisankar, T., Avunje, S., Solanki, H. G., Abraham, T. J., Vinoth, S. P., Jithendran, K. P., Alavandi, S. V., & Vijayan, K. K. (2021). Economic loss due to diseases in Indian shrimp farming with special reference to Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Aquaculture, 533:736231.

Rakasiwi, S., & Albastomi, T. S. (2017). Sistem Pakar Diagnosa Penyakit Udang Vannamei Menggunakan Metode Forward Chaining Berbasis Web. Simetris : Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Elektro Dan Ilmu Komputer, 8(2):647.

Roza, D., & Zafran. (1998). Pengendalian Vibrio harvey Secara Biologis pada Larva Udang Windu (Panaeus monodon) : Aplikasi Bakteri Penghambat. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia, 4(2):24–30.

Rusadi, D., Wardiyanto, & Diantari, R. (2019). Treatmenr of Vibriosis Disease (Vibrio harveyi) in Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931) Using Avicennia alba Leaves Extract. E-Jurnal Rekayasa Dan Teknologi Budidaya Perairan, 7(2):909.

Sanguanrut, P., Munkongwongsiri, N., Kongkumnerd, J., Thawonsuwan, J., Thitamadee, S., Boonyawiwat, V., Tanasomwang, V., Flegel, T. W., & Sritunyalucksana, K. (2018). A cohort study of 196 Thai shrimp ponds reveals a complex etiology for early mortality syndrome (EMS). Aquaculture, 493:26–36.

Siregar, B. I. T., & Hermana, J. (2012). Identifikasi Dominasi Genus Alga Pada Air Boezem Morokembrangan Sebagai Sistem High Rate Algae Pond (HRAP). Teknik Lingkungan FTSP ITS, i–xxxiv.

Sun, Y., Li, F., & Xiang, J. (2013). Analysis on the dynamic changes of the amount of WSSV in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis during infection. Aquaculture, 376–379:124–132.

Supito, Darmawan, A. W., Arief, T., & Iwan, S. (2017). Petunjuk Teknis Teknik Budidaya Udang Windu (Penaeus monodon) Pola Sederhana Melalui Penerapan BMPs (Best Management Practices). Jepara: Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau (BBPBAP).

Suwarsih, Marsoedi, Harahab, N., & Mahmudi, M. (2016). Kondisi Kualitas Air Pada Budidaya Udang Di Tambak Wilayah Pesisir Kecamatan Palang Kabupaten Tuban. Paper presented at Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kelautan 2016, University of Trunojoyo Madura, Indonesia, 138–143.

Tait, R. (1972). Marine Plankton. Elements of Marine Ecology, 309–312.

Tang, K. F. J., Pantoja, C. R., Redman, R. M., Han, J. E., Tran, L. H., & Lightner, D. V. (2015). Development of in situ hybridization and PCR assays for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), a microsporidian parasite infecting penaeid shrimp. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 130:37–41.

Velmurugan, S., Palanikumar, P., Velayuthani, P., Donio, M. B. S., Babu, M. M., Lelin, C., Sudhakar, S., & Citarasu, T. (2015). Bacterial white patch disease caused by Bacillus cereus, a new emerging disease in semi-intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 444:49–54.

Wahyudi, M., & Fadlil, A. (2013). Sistem Pakar Untuk Mengidentifikasi Penyakit Udang Galah Dengan Metode Theorema Bayes. Jurnal Sarjana Teknik Informatika, 1(1):11–20.

Wang, H., Wan, X., Xie, G., Dong, X., Wang, X., & Huang, J. (2020). Insights into the histopathology and microbiome of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, suffering from white feces syndrome. Aquaculture, 527:735447.

Yuliana, Utama, I. G. N. P., & Adam, M. A. (2020). Acute Lethal Toxicity Test of Cd2 + Against Gambusia (Gambusia affinis) and Influence on Protease Activity. Samakia: Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan, 11(1):51–57.