Faktor Risiko Distal yang Memengaruhi Anemia pada Anak Usia 6-59 Bulan: Analisis Data Demographic and Health Survey Zimbabwe 2015
Unduhan
Latar Belakang: Anemia menjadi salah satu penyebab utama kematian balita di Afrika. Lebih dari sepertiga (37%) anak usia 6-59 bulan di Zimbabwe mengalami anemia. Penyabab kejadian anemia pada anak bersifat multifaktorial, baik penyebab yang berkaitan dengan individu (faktor risiko proksimal) maupun yang tidak berkaitan dengan individu secara langsung (faktor risiko distal).
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko distal yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada anak usia 6-59 bulan di Zimbabwe.
Metode: Desain studi cross-sectional digunakan pada penelitian ini dengan menganalisis data Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Zimbabwe Tahun 2015. Total sampel yaitu 4303 rumah tangga yang memiliki anak usia 6-59 bulan dan memenuhi seluruh variabel penelitian. Faktor risiko distal yang menjadi variabel bebas pada penelitian ini ialah kepemilikan lahan, jenis ternak serta dua faktor yang berasal dari hasil uji Principal Component Analysis yaitu sanitasi air dan toilet serta sanitasi bangunan. Analisis univariat dilakukan untuk melihat distribusi frekuensi dari masing-masing variabel, selanjutnya dilakukan analisis bivariat dengan uji chi-square dan mann-whitney untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian anemia dan uji lebih lanjut dengan regresi logistik sehingga ditemukan variabel yang menjadi faktor risiko maupun faktor protektif terhadap kejadian anemia pada anak usia 6-59 bulan di Zimbabwe.
Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini ditemukan variabel yang berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian anemia ialah usia, kepemilikan lahan pertanian, jenis ternak, sanitasi air dan toilet serta sanitasi bangunan. Dari beberapa variabel yang menjadi faktor risiko distal ditemukan variabel yang meningkatkan faktor risiko anemia pada anak usia 6-59 bulan yaitu tidak memiliki lahan pertanian (OR=2,84; 95%CI=2,38-3,4; p<0,05), tidak memiliki ternak (OR=1,72; 95%CI=1,48-2; p<0,05) memiliki ternak unggas (OR=1,45; 95%CI=1,2-1,74; p<0,05) serta sanitasi bangunan (OR=1,07; 95%CI=1-1,14; p<0,05). Selain itu pada studi ini ditemukan satu faktor protektif terhadap kejadian anemia pada anak usia 6-59 bulan di Zimbabwe yaitu sanitasi air dan toilet (OR=0,85; 95%CI=0,8-0,91; p<0,05).
Kesimpulan: Penyebab kejadian anemia pada anak usia 6-59 bulan bersifat multifaktorial. Kami menyarankan kepada pemegang kebijakan merencanakan sebuah program yang terintegrasi terkhusus pada bidang pertanian dan peternakan agar setiap rumah tangga memiliki lahan pertanian serta hewan ternak untuk mengurangi kejadian anemia pada anak usia 6-59 bulan di Zimbabwe.
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