Breakfast Practices Among Indonesian Adults: Urban and Rural Differences and Its Associated Factors
Backgrounds: The prevalence of obesity among adults in Indonesia is relatively high. One of the contributing factors to obesity is eating practices, particularly those related to breakfast. Breakfast is a crucial habit for maintaining health, and its practices vary in terms of social and temporal aspects. Eating practices are considered influential factors affecting dietary intake from both social and cultural perspectives, such as eating with a companion, skipping meals, and eating outside the home. Breakfast practices also differ between urban and rural areas and are influenced by various characteristics. Previous research has indicated disparities in breakfast practices and modernization between urban and rural areas, driven by food environment, socio-economic factors, and demographics. Therefore, there is a need for research to investigate the differences in urban and rural settings and factors associated with modern breakfast practices among adults in Indonesia.
Aims: The objective of this research is to examine the disparities in breakfast practices among Indonesian adults residing in urban and rural areas across various characteristics. Additionally, the study aims also to investigate how the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of adults are associated with eating breakfast and modern breakfast practices.
Methods: This research utilized secondary data from the 2018 Indonesia Food Barometer (IFB) cross-sectional study. A total of 770 Indonesian adults aged 26 to 45 years were included in this investigation. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics were incorporated to assess variations in characteristics between urban and rural areas. Within the adult population of Indonesia, breakfast practices such as skipping breakfast, having breakfast alone, eating breakfast outside the home, purchasing breakfast, and engaging in other activities during breakfast, as well as the level of modernity in breakfast practices, were designated as variables to study. Chi-square analysis was employed to examine proportional differences between urban and rural areas concerning breakfast practices. Logistic regression was utilized to discern the factors influencing breakfast practices in this study.
Results: Consuming meals alone, eating outside the home, and buying food during breakfast were found to significantly occur more frequently in urban areas (p-value < 0.05). Engaging in other activities during meals did not exhibit a statistically significant difference between rural and urban settings. Regarding the practice of skipping breakfast, factors identified as associated were educational level and residential type. Meanwhile, for modern breakfast practices, influential factors included occupation and residential type.
Conclusions: Urban and rural areas exhibit distinct breakfast practices, with a higher likelihood of skipping breakfast and a greater prevalence of breakfast practices in urban settings.
Gani A, Budiharsana MP. The Consolidated Report on Indonesia Health Sector Review 2018. Ministry of National Development Planning of the Republic of Indonesia. 2019;56.
Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224–60.
Martinez-Lacoba R, Pardo-Garcia I, Amo-Saus E, Escribano-Sotos F. Socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle-related factors associated with unhealthy diet: A cross-sectional study of university students. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–10.
Gibney MJ, Barr SI, Bellisle F, Drewnowski A, Fagt S, Livingstone B, et al. Breakfast in human nutrition: The international breakfast research initiative. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):1–12.
O'Neil CE, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Hayes D, Jana L, Klinger SE, Stephenson-Martin S. The role of breakfast in health: Definition and criteria for a quality breakfast. J Acad Nutr Diet [Internet]. 2014;114(12):S8–26. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.08.022
Azadbakht L, Haghighatdoost F, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A. Breakfast eating pattern and its association with dietary quality indices and anthropometric measurements in young women in Isfahan. Nutrition [Internet]. 2013;29(2):420–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.008
Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Pedoman Gizi Seimbang. 2014.
Holm L, Lund TB, Niva M. Eating practices and diet quality: A population study of four Nordic countries. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2015;69(7):791–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2015.61
Gorgulho BM, Fisberg RM, Marchioni DML. Nutritional quality of major meals consumed away from home in Brazil and its association with the overall diet quality. Prev Med (Baltim) [Internet]. 2013;57(2):98–101. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.04.020
Shams-White MM, Korycinski RW, Dodd KW, Barrett B, Jacobs S, Subar AF, et al. Examining the association between meal context and diet quality: an observational study of meal context in older adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2021;18(1):1–8.
Lee KW, Song WO, Cho MS. Dietary quality differs by consumption of meals prepared at home vs. outside in Korean adults. Nutr Res Pract. 2016 Jun 1;10(3):294–304.
Giménez-Legarre N, Santaliestra-Pasías AM, De Henauw S, Forsner M, González-Gross M, Jurado-Fasoli L, et al. Breakfast consumption and its relationship with diet quality and adherence to Mediterranean diet in European adolescents: the HELENA study. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2022;76(12):1690–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-022-01177-4
Zeballos E, Todd JE. The effects of skipping a meal on daily energy intake and diet quality. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(18):3346–55.
Van Lee L, Geelen A, Hooft Van Huysduynen EJC, De Vries JHM, Van 'T Veer P, Feskens EJM. Associations between company at dinner and daily diet quality in Dutch men and women from the NQplus study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(12):1368–73.
Martin JC, Moran LJ, Teede HJ, Ranasinha S, Lombard CB, Harrison CL. Exploring diet quality between urban and rural dwelling women of reproductive age. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):1–14.
Cockx L, Colen L, De Weerdt J GYPS. Urbanization as a driver of changing food demand in Africa: Evidence from rural-urban migration in Tanzania. JRC Technical Report. 2019.
Bricas N. Urbanization Issues Affecting Food System Sustainability. 2019;1–25.
Zhai FY, Du SF, Wang ZH, Zhang JG, Du WW, Popkin BM. Dynamics of the Chinese diet and the role of urbanicity, 1991-2011. Obesity Reviews. 2014;15(S1):16–26.
Poulain JP, Laporte C, Tibere L. Studying the consequences of modernization on ethnic food patterns: Development of the Malaysian Food Barometer (MFB) [Internet]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275713460
Sartika AN. Association of eating behavior and diet quality among adults living in urban and rural area of East Java . Universitas Indonesia; 2018.
Sproesser G, Imada S, Furumitsu I, Rozin P, Ruby MB, Arbit N, et al. What constitutes traditional and modern eating? The case of Japan. Nutrients. 2018 Feb 1;10(2).
Sproesser G, Ruby MB, Arbit N, Akotia CS, Alvarenga MDS, Bhangaokar R, et al. Understanding traditional and modern eating: The TEP10 framework. Vol. 19, BMC Public Health. BioMed Central Ltd.; 2019.
Khusun H, Februhartanty J, Roselynne EM, Pramesthi A, Hapsari W, Poulain JP. Indonesian Barometer FOOD Food, Cultures, and Health.
Poulain JP, Laporte C, Tibère L, Mognard E, Ragavan NA, Zadeh AA, et al. Malaysian Food Barometer (MFB): A study of the impact of compressed modernisation on food habits. Malays J Nutr. 2020;26(1):1–17.
Poulain JP, Tibère L, Mognard E, Laporte C, Fournier T, Noor IM, et al. The Malaysian Food Barometer Open Database: An Invitation to Study the Modernization of Malaysian Food Patterns and Its Economic and Health Consequences. Front Nutr. 2022;8(January):1–7.
Khusun H, Monsivais P, Anggraini R, Februhartanty J, Mognard E, Alem Y, et al. Diversity of protein food sources, protein adequacy and amino acid profiles in Indonesia diets: Socio-Cultural Research in Protein Transition (SCRiPT). J Nutr Sci. 2022;11:e84.
Khusun H, Februhartanty J, Anggraini R, Mognard E, Alem Y, Noor MI, et al. Animal and Plant Protein Food Sources in Indonesia Differ Across Socio-Demographic Groups: Socio-Cultural Research in Protein Transition in Indonesia and Malaysia. Front Nutr. 2022;9(February):1–8.
Sastroasmoro S. Perkiraan Besar Sampel dalam Penelitian Klinis. Dasar-dasar Metodologi Penelitian. 2011;359.
Anríquez G, Stamoulis K. Rural Development and Poverty Reduction: Is Agriculture Still the Key? [Internet]. 2007. Available from: www.fao.org/es/esa
Pender J, Marré A, Reeder R. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service Rural Wealth Creation Concepts, Strategies, and Measures Economic Research Report Number 131 [Internet]. 2012. Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov
BPS. Statistik Indonesia [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Mar 7]. Available from: https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table?subject=519#
Hamrick KS, Mcclelland K. Americans ' Eating Patterns and Time Spent on Food : The 2014 Eating & Health Module Data. 2016;(158):2.
Goon S. Breakfast Skipping and Obesity Risk among Urban Adults in Bangladesh. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS). 2014;3(1):15–22.
Kushida O, Moon JS, Matsumoto D, Yamasaki N, Takatori K. Eating alone at each meal and associated health status among community-dwelling japanese elderly living with others: A cross-sectional analysis of the kaguya study. Nutrients. 2020 Sep 1;12(9):1–11.
Chae W, Ju YJ, Shin J, Jang SI, Park EC. Association between eating behaviour and diet quality: Eating alone vs. eating with others. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):1–11.
Takeda W, Melby MK. Spatial, temporal, and health associations of eating alone: A cross-cultural analysis of young adults in urban Australia and Japan. Appetite. 2017 Nov 1;118:149–60.
Clohessy S, Walasek L, Meyer C. Factors influencing employees' eating behaviours in the office-based workplace: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews. 2019;20(12):1771–80.
Taillie LS. Who's cooking? Trends in US home food preparation by gender, education, and race/ethnicity from 2003 to 2016. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):1–9.
Lee CS, Chen YC, Tsui PL, Che CW, Chiang MC. New Rural Women's Power: Sustainable Rural Food Preparation Model Inheritance and Business Model. In MDPI AG; 2022. p. 42.
La Marra M, Caviglia G, Perrella R. Using Smartphones When Eating Increases Caloric Intake in Young People: An Overview of the Literature. Vol. 11, Frontiers in Psychology. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2020.
Khusun H, Anggraini R, Februhartanty J, Mognard E, Fauzia K, Maulida NR, et al. Breakfast Consumption and Quality of Macro- and Micronutrient Intake in Indonesia: A Study from the Indonesian Food Barometer. Nutrients. 2023 Sep 1;15(17).
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA ASSOCIATION OF EATING BEHAVIOR AND DIET QUALITY AMONG ADULTS LIVING IN URBAN AND RURAL AREA OF EAST JAVA THESIS ARINDAH NUR SARTIKA 1606839952 FACULTY OF MEDICINE NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES STUDY PROGRAM JAKARTA 2018.
Seedat R, Pillay K. Breakfast consumption and its relationship to sociodemographic and lifestyle factors of undergraduate students in the School of Health Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020 Jul 2;33(3):79–85.
Taillie LS. Who's cooking? Trends in US home food preparation by gender, education, and race/ethnicity from 2003 to 2016. Nutr J. 2018 Apr 2;17(1).
Tiwari A, Aggarwal A, Tang W, Drewnowski A. Cooking at Home: A Strategy to Comply With U.S. Dietary Guidelines at No Extra Cost. Am J Prev Med. 2017 May 1;52(5):616–24.
Mills S, Adams J, Wrieden W, White M, Brown H. Sociodemographic characteristics and frequency of consuming home-cooked meals and meals from out-of-home sources: Cross-sectional analysis of a population-based cohort study. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 2018;21(12):2255–66.
Azizi Fard N, De Francisci Morales G, Mejova Y, Schifanella R. On the interplay between educational attainment and nutrition: a spatially-aware perspective. EPJ Data Sci. 2021 Dec 1;10(1).
Hawkes C. Dietary implications of supermarket development: A global perspective. Development Policy Review. 2008;26(6):657–92.
Nabdi S, Boujraf S, Benzagmout M. Evaluation of rural-urban patterns in dietary intake: A descriptive analytical study – Case series. Annals of Medicine and Surgery [Internet]. 2022;84(August):104972. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104972
Copyright (c) 2024 Amerta Nutrition
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
AMERTA NUTR by Unair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
4. The Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the conditions that the creator is appropriately credited and that any derivative work is made available under "the same, similar or a compatible license”. Other than the conditions mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation.
