Breakfast Practices Among Indonesian Adults: Urban and Rural Differences and Its Associated Factors
Backgrounds: The prevalence of obesity among adults in Indonesia is relatively high. One of the contributing factors to obesity is eating practices, particularly those related to breakfast. Breakfast is a crucial habit for maintaining health, and its practices vary in terms of social and temporal aspects. Eating practices are considered influential factors affecting dietary intake from both social and cultural perspectives, such as eating with a companion, skipping meals, and eating outside the home. Breakfast practices also differ between urban and rural areas and are influenced by various characteristics. Previous research has indicated disparities in breakfast practices and modernization between urban and rural areas, driven by food environment, socio-economic factors, and demographics. Therefore, there is a need for research to investigate the differences in urban and rural settings and factors associated with modern breakfast practices among adults in Indonesia.
Aims: The objective of this research is to examine the disparities in breakfast practices among Indonesian adults residing in urban and rural areas across various characteristics. Additionally, the study aims also to investigate how the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of adults are associated with eating breakfast and modern breakfast practices.
Methods: This research utilized secondary data from the 2018 Indonesia Food Barometer (IFB) cross-sectional study. A total of 770 Indonesian adults aged 26 to 45 years were included in this investigation. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics were incorporated to assess variations in characteristics between urban and rural areas. Within the adult population of Indonesia, breakfast practices such as skipping breakfast, having breakfast alone, eating breakfast outside the home, purchasing breakfast, and engaging in other activities during breakfast, as well as the level of modernity in breakfast practices, were designated as variables to study. Chi-square analysis was employed to examine proportional differences between urban and rural areas concerning breakfast practices. Logistic regression was utilized to discern the factors influencing breakfast practices in this study.
Results: Consuming meals alone, eating outside the home, and buying food during breakfast were found to significantly occur more frequently in urban areas (p-value < 0.05). Engaging in other activities during meals did not exhibit a statistically significant difference between rural and urban settings. Regarding the practice of skipping breakfast, factors identified as associated were educational level and residential type. Meanwhile, for modern breakfast practices, influential factors included occupation and residential type.
Conclusions: Urban and rural areas exhibit distinct breakfast practices, with a higher likelihood of skipping breakfast and a greater prevalence of breakfast practices in urban settings.
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