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Pemberian Pakan dengan Kadar Serat Kasar yang Berbeda Terhadap Daya Cerna Pakan pada Ikan Berlambung dan Ikan Tidak Berlambung
[Feeding With Different Levels Of Crude Fiber On The Diggestibility Of Feed In True Stomach Fish and Stomachless Fish ]
Corresponding Author(s) : Muhammad Arief
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan,
Vol. 4 No. 2 (2012): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Abstract
Feed plays an important role in fish farming activities. Meeting the needs of feed quality and quantity sufficient aims to increase farming production, in addition to the feed given to fish properly assessed not only from the composition of the feed but also of how much the components contained in the feed can be absorbed and utilized by the fish in his life. Factors that may affect the digestibility of feed include feed composition, range and quality of the enzyme in the intestine or the stomach of fish (NRC, 1993) while Mudjiman (2002) states that the specific differences in the digestive system in fish can lead to differences in the ability of fish to digest feed, for it is used in this study true stomach fish and stomachless fish. This study aims to determine whether there are differences in the digestibility of crude fiber and determine the optimum content in true stomach fish and stomachless fish. The study design used in this study was Complete Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern with two factors, factor A is a type of fish and factor B is the type of feed. Analysis of the data were processed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine whether there is an interaction effect between the treatment given. If there is a difference in the effect of test distance followed by Multiple Duncan (Duncan's Multiple Range Test). Based on the research results showed that there is a very real difference (p<0.01) on the digestibility of fish and feed efficiency in true stomach fish and stomachless fish. The highest digestibility resulting in treatment A2 (81,26%) while for fish feed efficiency, the true stomach fish has a higher feed efficiency than the stomachless fish is 20,91%.
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- Bureau, D.P., Harris, A.M., and Cho, C.Y. 1999. Apparent Digestibility of Endered Animal Protein Ingredients For Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Aquaculture.
- Cho, C.Y., C.B. Cowey, and R. Watanabe. 1985. Finfish Nutrition In Asia:Methodological Approaches Research Centre. Ottawa. 154 p.
- Cholik, F., Jagatraya, A.G., Poernomo, R.P., dan Jauzi, A. 2005. Akuakultur Masyarakat Perikanan Nusantara (MPN) dan Taman Kuarium Air Tawar. Jakarta. 3 hal.
- Chotimah, D.N. 2009. Respon Daya Cerna Dan Respirasi Benih Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio) Pasca Transportasi Dengan Menggunakan Daun Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) Sebagai Bahan Anti Metabolik. Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan. Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya. 8 hal.
- Cui, Y., X. Liu., S. Wang, and Chen. 1992. Growth and Energy Budgen In Young Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., Fed Plant and Animal Diets. Journal Of Fish Biology.
- De Silva, S.S., and Anderson, T.A. 1995. Fish Nutrition In Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. London.
- Djarijah, A. S. 1995. Pakan Ikan Alami. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. 86 hal.
- Evans, D.H. and J.B. Claiborne. 2006. The Physiology of Fishes. Third Edition. CRC Press. USA.
- Effendie, M. I. 1997. Biologi Perikanan. Yayasan Nusatama. Yogyakarta.
- Fujaya, Y. 2004. Fisiologi Ikan:Dasar Pengembangan Teknik Perikanan. PT Asdi Mahasatya. Jakarta. hal. 116-130.
- Furuichi M. 1988. Fish Nutrition In Fish Nutrition and Mariculture. JICA Text book. The General Aquaculture Course. T. Watanabe (Ed). Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Tokyo University of Fisheries. p. 1-78.
- Grosell, Martin., A.P. Farrell, and C.J. Brauner. 2011. The Multifuctional Gut Of Fish. Fish Physiology : Volume 30. United States Of America.
- Gufran, M. Dan H. Kordi.2000. Budidaya Ikan Nila. Dahara Prize. Semarang. hal.180
- Guillaume J., Kaushik S., Bergot P., and Metailler. 1999. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans. Springer-Praxia Book in Aquaculture and Fisheries. Chichester. UK.
- Gusrina. 2008. Budidaya Ikan Jilid 2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta. http://www.ftp.lipi.go.id. 15 Desember 2011.
- Hadadi, A., Herry, K. T. Wibowo, E. Pramono, A. Surahman, dan E. Ridwan. 2009. Aplikasi Pemberian Maggot Sebagai Sumber Protein Dalam Pakan Ikan Lele Sangkuriang (Clarias sp.) dan Gurame (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.). Laporan Tinjauan Hasil Tahun 2008. Balai Pusat Budidaya Air Tawar Sukabumi. hal. 175 – 181.
- Haetami, K. 2009. Evaluasi daya Cerna Pakan Limbah Azola Pada Ikan Bawal Air Tawar (Colossoma macropomum, CUVIER 1818). Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Universitas Padjajaran. Bandung.12 hal.
- Halver, J. E. 1989. Fish Nutrition. Second Edition. Academic Press Inc. California.
- Hariadi, Bambang., A. Haryono, dan U. Susilo. 2005. Evaluasi Efisiensi pakan Dan Efisiensi Protein Pada Ikan Karper Rumput (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) yang Diberi Pakan Dengan Kadar Karbohidrat Dan Energi Yang Berbeda. Fakultas Biologi Unsoed. Purwokerto.
- Hariati, A.M. 1989. Makanan Ikan. Nuffic/Unibraw/Luw/Fish. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. 155 halaman.
- Hartadi, H., S Resohadoprodjo, dan A.D. Tillman. 1990. Tabel Komposisi Pakan Untuk Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Hal. 68-102.
- Huismann, E.A.1976. Food Conversition Efficiencies at Maintanance and Production Levels for Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. and Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardon. Aquaculture. 9:259-273.
- Jantrarotai, W., S. Prasert., and R. Siripom. 1994. The Optimum Carbohydrate To Lipid Ratio On Ratio In Hybrid Clarias catfish Diets Containing. Row Broken Rice. Aquaculture.
- Indariyanti, N. 2011. Evaluasi Kecernaan Campuran Bungkil Inti Sawit dan Onggok yang Difermentasi oleh Trichoderma harzianum Rifai Untuk pakan Nila Oreochromis sp. Thesis Magister Sains. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
- IPB. 2009. Efisiensi Pakan. http://repository. ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/46731/Efisiensi Pakan.pdf. 21 Februari 2012.
- Khairuman, S.P. dan K. Amri. 2003. Budidaya Ikan Nila Secara Intensif. Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
- Khairuman, S.P. dan K. Amri. 2008. Budidaya Perikanan. Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
- Kordi, M.G.H. 2004. Penanggulangan Hama dan Penyakit Ikan. Rineka Cipta dan Bina Adiaksara. Jakarta. hal 23.
- Kusriningrum, R.S. 2010. Perancangan Percobaan. Pusat Penerbitan dan Percetakan Unair (AUP). Surabaya. 273 hal.
- Lagler, K.F., J.E. Bardach, R.R. Miller and D.R.M. Passion. 1997. Ichthyologi. John Willey and Sons. New York. 505 p.
- Lovell, Tom. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding Of Fish. Second Edition. Kluwer Academic Publisher. London. 276 p.
- Maynard et al. 1979. Animal Nutrition. Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. Philipine.
- Millamena, O. M. 2002. Replacement of Fish Meal by Animal by-Product Meals in a Practical Diet for Grow-Out Culture of Grouper Epinephelus Coioides. http://fishnutrition.uoguelph.ca. 11 Januari 2011.
- Mudjiman, A. 2002. Makanan Ikan. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
- Mundayana, Y. 2010. Fungsi Gizi Dlam Pakan. Posluhdes Desa Nanggareng.htm. 4 Februari 2012.
- Murtidjo, B.A. 2001. Pedoman Meramu Pakan Ikan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. Hal 10.
- Northeastern Regional Aquaculture Center. 1977. Nutrient Requirment Of Warmwater Fishes. National Academy Of Sciences. Washington DC. 71 p.
- National Research Council. 1983. Nutrient Requirments Of Warm water Fishes and Shellfishes. National Academy Press. Washington DC.
- Northeastern Regional Aquaculture Center. 1993. Introduction to Water Chemistry Freshwater Aquaculture. University of Massachussets Dannouth. North Dannouth Massachssets.
- Patongloan, E. 1984. Pengaruh Tingkat Pemberian Makanan Buatan Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio Linn) Yang Dipelihara Di Dalam Drum. Karya Ilmiah. Fakultas Perikanan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. http://repository.ipb.ac.id.
- Piliang W.G. dan S. Djojosoebagio A.H. 2006. Fisiologi Nutrisi. Volume 1. IPB Press. Bogor.
- Pillay, T.V.R and M.N. Kutty. 2005. Aquaculture Principles and Practices. Secound Edition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford. UK. p 108.
- Rankin, J.C. and F.B. Jensen. 1993. Fish Ecophysiology. St. Edmundsburry Press. Suffolk.
- Sagala, Windayani. 2011. Analisis Biaya Pakan dan Performa Sapi Potong Lokal Pada Ransum Hijauan Tinggi Yang Disuplementasi Ekstrak Lerak. Fakultas Peternakan. IPB.
- Santoso, B. 1993. Budidaya Ikan Mas. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
- Santoso, B. 1996. Budidaya Ikan Nila. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
- Sekolah Ilmu Teknologi Hayati (SITH), ITB. 2010. Teknologi Produksi Bahan Baku Pakan.http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/d4_akuakultur_kultur_jaringan/bahankuliah/2_TeknologiProduksiBahanBakuPakan_NUTRISI_PAKAN.pdf. 1 Februari 2012.
- Shafrudin, D. 2003. Pembesaran Ikan Karper Di Kolam Jaring Apung. Modul : Pengelolaan Pemberian Pakan. Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruan. Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. http://bos.fkip.uns.ac.id.
- Smith, L.S. 1980. Digestive Fuctions In Teleost Fishes. P 331-421 in Halver, J. E. 1989. Fish Nutrition. Second Edition. Academic Press Inc. California.
- Sudenda, D. 2002. Budidaya Ikan Mas. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
- Suhana. 2010. Reinkarnasi Kebijakan Kelautan dan Perikanan. http://pk2pm. wordpress.com. 27 Agustus 2010. 5 hal.
- Suhenda, N dan R. Samsudin. 2008. Pemanfaatan Pakan Iso Protein Dengan Kadar Karbohidrat dan Lemak Yang Berbeda Untuk Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan Jambal. Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar. Bogor. 10 hal.
- Sulmartiwi, L. dan H. Suprapto. 2009. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Hewan Air. Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya. Hal 91-96.
- Sutardi, 1997. Landasan Ilmu Nutrisi. Departemen Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak. Fakultas Peternakan IPB. Bogor.
- Suyanto, S.R. 1994. Nila. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 105 hal.
- Thung, P.H., and S.Y. Shiau. 1991. Effect Of Meal Frequency On Growth Performance Of Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus X O. Aureus, Fed Different carbohydrate Diets. Aquaculture.
- Tillman Alen D, Hartadi Hari, Reksohadiprodjo Soedomo, Prawirokusumo Soeharto dan Lebdosoekojo Soekanto, 1998. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Dasar. Gadjah MadaUniversity Press. Yogyakarta
- Watanabe, T. 1982. Lipid Nutrition In Fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
- Zonneveld, N., E.A. Huismann, dan J.H. Boon. 1991. Prinsip Budidaya Ikan. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
References
Bureau, D.P., Harris, A.M., and Cho, C.Y. 1999. Apparent Digestibility of Endered Animal Protein Ingredients For Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Aquaculture.
Cho, C.Y., C.B. Cowey, and R. Watanabe. 1985. Finfish Nutrition In Asia:Methodological Approaches Research Centre. Ottawa. 154 p.
Cholik, F., Jagatraya, A.G., Poernomo, R.P., dan Jauzi, A. 2005. Akuakultur Masyarakat Perikanan Nusantara (MPN) dan Taman Kuarium Air Tawar. Jakarta. 3 hal.
Chotimah, D.N. 2009. Respon Daya Cerna Dan Respirasi Benih Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio) Pasca Transportasi Dengan Menggunakan Daun Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) Sebagai Bahan Anti Metabolik. Fakultas Perikanan dan Kelautan. Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya. 8 hal.
Cui, Y., X. Liu., S. Wang, and Chen. 1992. Growth and Energy Budgen In Young Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., Fed Plant and Animal Diets. Journal Of Fish Biology.
De Silva, S.S., and Anderson, T.A. 1995. Fish Nutrition In Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall. London.
Djarijah, A. S. 1995. Pakan Ikan Alami. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. 86 hal.
Evans, D.H. and J.B. Claiborne. 2006. The Physiology of Fishes. Third Edition. CRC Press. USA.
Effendie, M. I. 1997. Biologi Perikanan. Yayasan Nusatama. Yogyakarta.
Fujaya, Y. 2004. Fisiologi Ikan:Dasar Pengembangan Teknik Perikanan. PT Asdi Mahasatya. Jakarta. hal. 116-130.
Furuichi M. 1988. Fish Nutrition In Fish Nutrition and Mariculture. JICA Text book. The General Aquaculture Course. T. Watanabe (Ed). Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Tokyo University of Fisheries. p. 1-78.
Grosell, Martin., A.P. Farrell, and C.J. Brauner. 2011. The Multifuctional Gut Of Fish. Fish Physiology : Volume 30. United States Of America.
Gufran, M. Dan H. Kordi.2000. Budidaya Ikan Nila. Dahara Prize. Semarang. hal.180
Guillaume J., Kaushik S., Bergot P., and Metailler. 1999. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans. Springer-Praxia Book in Aquaculture and Fisheries. Chichester. UK.
Gusrina. 2008. Budidaya Ikan Jilid 2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta. http://www.ftp.lipi.go.id. 15 Desember 2011.
Hadadi, A., Herry, K. T. Wibowo, E. Pramono, A. Surahman, dan E. Ridwan. 2009. Aplikasi Pemberian Maggot Sebagai Sumber Protein Dalam Pakan Ikan Lele Sangkuriang (Clarias sp.) dan Gurame (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.). Laporan Tinjauan Hasil Tahun 2008. Balai Pusat Budidaya Air Tawar Sukabumi. hal. 175 – 181.
Haetami, K. 2009. Evaluasi daya Cerna Pakan Limbah Azola Pada Ikan Bawal Air Tawar (Colossoma macropomum, CUVIER 1818). Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan. Universitas Padjajaran. Bandung.12 hal.
Halver, J. E. 1989. Fish Nutrition. Second Edition. Academic Press Inc. California.
Hariadi, Bambang., A. Haryono, dan U. Susilo. 2005. Evaluasi Efisiensi pakan Dan Efisiensi Protein Pada Ikan Karper Rumput (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) yang Diberi Pakan Dengan Kadar Karbohidrat Dan Energi Yang Berbeda. Fakultas Biologi Unsoed. Purwokerto.
Hariati, A.M. 1989. Makanan Ikan. Nuffic/Unibraw/Luw/Fish. Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. 155 halaman.
Hartadi, H., S Resohadoprodjo, dan A.D. Tillman. 1990. Tabel Komposisi Pakan Untuk Indonesia. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Hal. 68-102.
Huismann, E.A.1976. Food Conversition Efficiencies at Maintanance and Production Levels for Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. and Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardon. Aquaculture. 9:259-273.
Jantrarotai, W., S. Prasert., and R. Siripom. 1994. The Optimum Carbohydrate To Lipid Ratio On Ratio In Hybrid Clarias catfish Diets Containing. Row Broken Rice. Aquaculture.
Indariyanti, N. 2011. Evaluasi Kecernaan Campuran Bungkil Inti Sawit dan Onggok yang Difermentasi oleh Trichoderma harzianum Rifai Untuk pakan Nila Oreochromis sp. Thesis Magister Sains. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
IPB. 2009. Efisiensi Pakan. http://repository. ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/46731/Efisiensi Pakan.pdf. 21 Februari 2012.
Khairuman, S.P. dan K. Amri. 2003. Budidaya Ikan Nila Secara Intensif. Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
Khairuman, S.P. dan K. Amri. 2008. Budidaya Perikanan. Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
Kordi, M.G.H. 2004. Penanggulangan Hama dan Penyakit Ikan. Rineka Cipta dan Bina Adiaksara. Jakarta. hal 23.
Kusriningrum, R.S. 2010. Perancangan Percobaan. Pusat Penerbitan dan Percetakan Unair (AUP). Surabaya. 273 hal.
Lagler, K.F., J.E. Bardach, R.R. Miller and D.R.M. Passion. 1997. Ichthyologi. John Willey and Sons. New York. 505 p.
Lovell, Tom. 1998. Nutrition and Feeding Of Fish. Second Edition. Kluwer Academic Publisher. London. 276 p.
Maynard et al. 1979. Animal Nutrition. Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company. Philipine.
Millamena, O. M. 2002. Replacement of Fish Meal by Animal by-Product Meals in a Practical Diet for Grow-Out Culture of Grouper Epinephelus Coioides. http://fishnutrition.uoguelph.ca. 11 Januari 2011.
Mudjiman, A. 2002. Makanan Ikan. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Mundayana, Y. 2010. Fungsi Gizi Dlam Pakan. Posluhdes Desa Nanggareng.htm. 4 Februari 2012.
Murtidjo, B.A. 2001. Pedoman Meramu Pakan Ikan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta. Hal 10.
Northeastern Regional Aquaculture Center. 1977. Nutrient Requirment Of Warmwater Fishes. National Academy Of Sciences. Washington DC. 71 p.
National Research Council. 1983. Nutrient Requirments Of Warm water Fishes and Shellfishes. National Academy Press. Washington DC.
Northeastern Regional Aquaculture Center. 1993. Introduction to Water Chemistry Freshwater Aquaculture. University of Massachussets Dannouth. North Dannouth Massachssets.
Patongloan, E. 1984. Pengaruh Tingkat Pemberian Makanan Buatan Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio Linn) Yang Dipelihara Di Dalam Drum. Karya Ilmiah. Fakultas Perikanan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. http://repository.ipb.ac.id.
Piliang W.G. dan S. Djojosoebagio A.H. 2006. Fisiologi Nutrisi. Volume 1. IPB Press. Bogor.
Pillay, T.V.R and M.N. Kutty. 2005. Aquaculture Principles and Practices. Secound Edition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford. UK. p 108.
Rankin, J.C. and F.B. Jensen. 1993. Fish Ecophysiology. St. Edmundsburry Press. Suffolk.
Sagala, Windayani. 2011. Analisis Biaya Pakan dan Performa Sapi Potong Lokal Pada Ransum Hijauan Tinggi Yang Disuplementasi Ekstrak Lerak. Fakultas Peternakan. IPB.
Santoso, B. 1993. Budidaya Ikan Mas. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Santoso, B. 1996. Budidaya Ikan Nila. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Sekolah Ilmu Teknologi Hayati (SITH), ITB. 2010. Teknologi Produksi Bahan Baku Pakan.http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/d4_akuakultur_kultur_jaringan/bahankuliah/2_TeknologiProduksiBahanBakuPakan_NUTRISI_PAKAN.pdf. 1 Februari 2012.
Shafrudin, D. 2003. Pembesaran Ikan Karper Di Kolam Jaring Apung. Modul : Pengelolaan Pemberian Pakan. Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruan. Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. http://bos.fkip.uns.ac.id.
Smith, L.S. 1980. Digestive Fuctions In Teleost Fishes. P 331-421 in Halver, J. E. 1989. Fish Nutrition. Second Edition. Academic Press Inc. California.
Sudenda, D. 2002. Budidaya Ikan Mas. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Suhana. 2010. Reinkarnasi Kebijakan Kelautan dan Perikanan. http://pk2pm. wordpress.com. 27 Agustus 2010. 5 hal.
Suhenda, N dan R. Samsudin. 2008. Pemanfaatan Pakan Iso Protein Dengan Kadar Karbohidrat dan Lemak Yang Berbeda Untuk Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan Jambal. Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar. Bogor. 10 hal.
Sulmartiwi, L. dan H. Suprapto. 2009. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Hewan Air. Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya. Hal 91-96.
Sutardi, 1997. Landasan Ilmu Nutrisi. Departemen Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak. Fakultas Peternakan IPB. Bogor.
Suyanto, S.R. 1994. Nila. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. 105 hal.
Thung, P.H., and S.Y. Shiau. 1991. Effect Of Meal Frequency On Growth Performance Of Hybrid Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus X O. Aureus, Fed Different carbohydrate Diets. Aquaculture.
Tillman Alen D, Hartadi Hari, Reksohadiprodjo Soedomo, Prawirokusumo Soeharto dan Lebdosoekojo Soekanto, 1998. Ilmu Makanan Ternak Dasar. Gadjah MadaUniversity Press. Yogyakarta
Watanabe, T. 1982. Lipid Nutrition In Fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
Zonneveld, N., E.A. Huismann, dan J.H. Boon. 1991. Prinsip Budidaya Ikan. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.