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Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessments of Heavy Metals in Mussels Collected from Madura Strait, Indonesia
Corresponding Author(s) : Defri Yona
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 13 No. 1 (2021): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Highlight
- Heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the seawater, sediment, and soft part of marine mussels were analyzed
- Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF), Estimated Daily Intake and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) were calculated
- Heavy metals in the seawater, sediment and marine mussels were found in varying concentrations
- Health risk assessment indexes showed low values which means insignificant health hazard
Abstract
Marine mussels are known as one of the biological indicators of heavy metals pollution in the aquatic environment and the sources of protein for human consumption. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in the seawater, sediment, and soft parts of the marine mussels (Perna viridis, Meretrix sp., and Anadara granosa), as well as to evaluate its health risk of consumption from Madura Strait, Indonesia. The seawater, sediment, and marine mussels were obtained from four sites and heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. In the seawater, heavy metals were in the order of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn from the highest to the lowest concentration respectively, while they went down in the order of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in the sediment respectively. Excluding the Pb, higher Cu and Zn concentrations were observed in marine mussels than in seawater and sediments (BAF> 1). Furthermore, it was proven that Cu and Zn were considered as essential metals and required for metabolism, while Pb and Cd were non-essential metals which their biological functions were unknown. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of the marine mussels was lower than the oral reference dose (ORD) and low values of target hazard quotient (THQ < 1) had shown that the consumption of mussels containing heavy metals would not cause significant health risks to humans. The health risk assessment indexes showed low values, which meant insignificant health hazard. However, long-term exposure and the impact of consuming mussels containing heavy metals may require additional investigation
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- Abdel, G. S. S. (2018). Concentrations of heavy metals in water, sediment and mollusk gastropod, Lanistes carinatus from Lake Manzala, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(2):77-82.
- Ahyar., Bengen, D. G., & Wardiatno, Y. (2018). Distribution and bioaccumulation of heavy metals Pb and Cd on bivalves Anadara nodifera, Meretrix lyrata, and Solen lamarckii in coastal waters of the west Madura Strait. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 9(2):631-643.
- Ali, M. M., Ali, M. L., Islam, Md. S., & Rahman, Md. Z. (2016). Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 5(1):27-35.
- Baltas, H., Sirin, M., Dalgic, G., Bayrak, E. Y., & Akdeniz, A. (2017). Assessment of metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, and Pb) in seawater, sediment and biota samples in the coastal area of Eastern Black Sea, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 122(1): 475-482.
- Carboni, S., Kaur, G., Pryce, A., McKee, K., Desbois, A. P., Dick, J. R., Galloway, S. D. R., & Hamilton, D. L. (2019). Mussel Consumption as a "Food First” Approach to Improve Omega 3 Status. Nutrients, 11(6):1381.
- Dar, M. A., Belal, A. A., Madkour, A. G. (2018). The differential abilites of some molluscs to accumulate heavy metals within their shells in the Timsah and the Great Bitter lakes, Suez Canal, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(4):291-298.
- Duffus, J. H. (2002). "Heavy metals” a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5):793-807.
- Gerringa, L. J. A., de Baar, H. J. W., Nolting, R. F., & Paucot, H. (2001). The influence of salinity on the solubility of Zn and Cd sulphides in the Scheldt estuary. Journal of Sea Research, 46(3):201-211.
- Hoang, H. G., Lin, C., Tran, H. T., Chiang, C. F., Bui, X. T., Cheruiyot, N. K., Shern, C. C., & Lee, C. W. (2020). Heavy metal contamination trends in surface water and sediments of a river in a highly industrialized region. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 20(1):101043.
- Honig, A., Etter, R., Pepperman, K., Morello, S., & Hannigan, R. (2020). Site and age discrimination using trace element fingerprints in the blue mussel, Mytillus edulis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 522(1):151249.
- Ibrahim, N. K., & El-regal, M. A. A. (2014). Heavy Metals Accumulation in Marine Edible Molluscs, Timsah Lake, Suez Canal, Egypt. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 4(4):282-288.
- Karaouzas, I., Kapetanaki, N., Mentzafou, A., Kanellopoulos, T. D., & Skoulikidis, N. (2021). Heavy metal contamination status in Greek surface waters: A review with application and evaluation of pollution indices. Chemosphere, 263(1):128192.
- Keshta, A. E., Shaltout, K. H., Baldwin, A. H., & Sharaf, E. A. A. (2020). Sediment clays are trapping heavy metals in urban lakes: An indicator for severe industrial and agricultural influence on coastal wetlands at the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 151(1):110816.
- Kouali, H., Achtak, H., Chaouti, A., Elkalay, K., Dahbi, A. (2020). Assessment of trace metal contamination n surficial fine-grained sediments and mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis from Safi areas in the northwestern Atlantic coast of Morocco. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 40(1):101535.
- Krupnova, T. G., Mashkova, I. V., Kostryukova, A. M., Egorov, N. O., & Gavrilkina, S. V. (2018). Bioconcentration of heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes of South Urals region lakes. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 19(1):296-302.
- Loder, A. L., Mallory, M. L., Spooner, I., McLauchlan, C., Englehardt, P. O., McLellan, N., & White, C. (2016). Bioaccumulation of Lead and Arsenic in Gastropods Inhabiting Salt Marsh Ponds in Coastal Bay of Fundy, Canada. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 227(3):75.
- Mangalagiri, P., Bikkina, A., Sundarraj, D. K., & Thatiparthi, B. R. (2020). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Rastrelliger kanagurta along the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(1):111658.
- Mubiana, V. K., Vercauteren, K., & Blust, R. (2006). The influence of body size, condition index and tidal exposure on the variability in metal bioaccumulation in Mytilus edulis. Environmental Pollution, 144(1): 272-279.
- Nour, H. E., & El-Sorogy, A. S. (2020). Heavy metals contamination in seawater, sediments and seashells of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(11):274.
- Nowrouzi, M., & Pourkhabbaz, A. (2014). Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 26(2):99-105.
- Perosevic, A., Joksimovic, D., Durovic, D., Milasevic, I., Radomirovic, M., & Stankovic, S. (2018). Human exposure to trace elements via consumption of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 50(1):554-559.
- Peycheva, K., Panayotova, V., Merdzhanova, A., Stancheva, R. (2019). Estimation of THQ and potential health risk for metals by comsumption of some black sea marine fishes and mussels in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 51(1):241-246.
- Pinto, R., Acosta, V., Segnini, M. I., Brito, L., & Martínez, G. (2015). Temporal variations of heavy metals levels in Perna viridis, on the Chacopata-Bocaripo lagoon axis, Sucre State, Venezuela. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 91(2):418-423.
- Proum, S., Santos, J. H., Lim, L. H., & Marshall, D. J. (2016). Metal accumulation in the tissues and shells of Indothais gradata snails inhabiting soft and hard subtrata in an acidified tropical estuary (Brunei, South East Asia). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 8(3):487-497.
- Putri, A. D. D., Yona, D., & Handayani, M. (2016). Kandungan logam berat (Cd, Cu DAN Zn) pada air dan sedimen perairan Pelabuhan Kamal, Kabupaten Bangkalan Madura. Paper presented at Seminar Nasional Perikanan dan Kelautan VI, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia. 533-538p.
- Rashida, Q., Olufemi, A., Rana, M., & Rahim, A. A. (2015). Seasonal Variation in Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Perna viridis from Manora Channel of Karachi, Arabian Sea. International Journal of Marine Science, 5(44):1-13.
- Ruiz, M. D., Iriel, A., Yusseppone, M. S., Ortiz, N., Di Salvatore, P., Cirelli, A. F., Rios, D. M. C., Calcagno, J. A., Sabatini, S. E. (2018). Trace metals and oxidative status in soft tissues of caged mussels (Aulacomya atra) on the North Patagonian coastline. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 155(1):152-161.
- Sari, S. H. J., Harlyan, L. I., & Yona, D. (2018). Potential mangrove species in Porong River Estuary as inhibiting agent of heavy metal (Pb, Cu and Zn) pollution. Pertanika Journal Of Tropical Agricultural Science, 41(1): 271-286.
- Schertzinger, G., Ruchter, N., & Sures, B. (2018). Metal accumulation in sediments and amphipods downstream of combined sewer overflows. Science of The Total Environment, 616(1):1199-1207.
- Sudsandee, S., Tantrakarnapa, K., Tharnpoophasiam, P., Limpanont, Y., Mingkhwan, R., & Worakhunpiset, S. (2017). Evaluating health risks posed by heavy metals to humans consuming blood cockles (Anadara granosa) from the Upper Gulf of Thailand. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(17): 14605-14615.
- Szefer, P., Ali, A. A., Ba-Haroon, A. A., Rajeh, A. A., Gełdon, J., & Nabrzyski, M. (1999). Distribution and relationships of selected trace metals in molluscs and associated sediments from the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. Environmental Pollution, 106(3): 299-314.
- Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, 101(1): 133-164.
- Thuróczy, C. E., Boye, M., & Losno, R. (2010). Dissolution of cobalt and zinc from natural and anthropogenic dusts in seawater. Biogeosciences, 7(6):1927-1936.
- Truchet, D. M., Buzzi, N. S., Negro, C. L., Mora, M. C., & Marcovecchio, J. E. (2021). Integrative assessment of the ecological risk of heavy metals in a South American estuary under human pressures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208(1):111498.
- Vasanthi, L. A., Revathi, P., Rajendran, R. B., Munuswamy, N. (2017). Detection of metal induced cytopathological alterations and DNA damage in the gills and hepatopancreas of green mussel Perna viridis from Ennore Estuary, Chennai, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 117(2):41-49.
- Vasanthi, L. A., Revathi, P., Arulvasu, C., & Munuswamy, N. (2012). Biomarkers of metal toxicity and histology of Perna viridis from Ennore estuary, Chennai, south east coast of India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84(1):92-98.
- Wang, P., Zhang, L., Lin, X., Yan, J., Zhang, P., Zhao, B., Zhang, C., & Yu, Y. (2020). Spatial distribution, control factors and sources of heavy metal in the surface sediments of Fudu Estuary waters, East Liaodong Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 156(1):111279.
- Yap, C. K., Cheng, W. H., Karami, A., & Ismail, A. (2016). Health risk assessments of heavy metal exposure via consumption of marine mussels collected from anthropogenic sites. Science of The Total Environment, 553(1):285-296.
- Yap, C. K., Ismail, A., &Tan, S. G. (2009). Effect of body size on heavy metal contents and concentrations in Green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) from Malaysian Coastal Waters. Pertanika Journal of Science Technology, 17(1):61-68.
- Yap, C. K., Hatta, Y., Edward, F. B., & Tan, S. G. (2008). Comparison of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn) in the shells and different soft tissues of Anadara granosa collected from Jeram, Kuala Juru and Kuala Kurau, Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika Journal Of Tropical Agricultural Science, 31(2):205-215.
- Yona, D., Fuad, M. A. Z., & Hidayati, N. (2018). Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of the Southern Coast of Pacitan, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 18(1):137-144.
- Yona, D., Andira, A., & Hikmah, J. S. S. (2016). Lead (Pb) Accumulation in Water, Sediment and Mussels (Hiatula chinensis) from Pasir Panjang Coast, Lekok Pasuruan. Research Journal of Life Science, 3(1):49-54.
- Yona, D., Julinda, S. S. H., & Safitri, R. H. (2020a). Accumulation and Phytoextraction Potential of Heavy Metals of Enhalus acoroides in the Coastal Waters of Lamongan, Java, Indonesia. Sains Malaysiana, 49(8):1765-1771.
- Yona, D., Sari, S. H. J., Iranawati, F., Fathur, R. M., & Rini, N. M. (2020). Heavy metals accumulation and risk assessment of Anadara granosa from eastern water of Java Sea, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 416(1):012007.
- Yona, D., Vernandes, D., Kasitowati, R. D., & Sari, S. H. J. (2020). Spatial Distribution and Contamination Assessment of Lead (Pb) in the Seawater and Surface Sediments of the Coastal Area of Prigi Bay, Trenggalek, East Java. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 12(1):140-148.
- Youssef, M., Madkour, H., Mansour, A., Alharbi, W., & El-Taher, A. (2017). Invertebrate shells (mollusca, foraminifera) as pollution indicators, Red Sea Coast, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 133(1): 74-85.
- Zahir, M. S. M., Kamaruzzaman, B. Y., John, B. A., Jalal, K. C. A., Shahbudin, S., Al-Barwani, S. M., Goddard, J. S. (2011). Bioaccumulation of Selected Metals in the Blood Cockle (Anadara granosa) from Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 27(1): 979-984.
- Zhang, L., Shi, Z., Zhang, J., Jiang, Z., Wang, F., & Huang, X. (2016). Toxic heavy metals in sediments, seawater, and molluscs in the eastern and western coastal waters of Guangdong Province, South China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(5):313
References
Abdel, G. S. S. (2018). Concentrations of heavy metals in water, sediment and mollusk gastropod, Lanistes carinatus from Lake Manzala, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(2):77-82.
Ahyar., Bengen, D. G., & Wardiatno, Y. (2018). Distribution and bioaccumulation of heavy metals Pb and Cd on bivalves Anadara nodifera, Meretrix lyrata, and Solen lamarckii in coastal waters of the west Madura Strait. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 9(2):631-643.
Ali, M. M., Ali, M. L., Islam, Md. S., & Rahman, Md. Z. (2016). Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 5(1):27-35.
Baltas, H., Sirin, M., Dalgic, G., Bayrak, E. Y., & Akdeniz, A. (2017). Assessment of metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, and Pb) in seawater, sediment and biota samples in the coastal area of Eastern Black Sea, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 122(1): 475-482.
Carboni, S., Kaur, G., Pryce, A., McKee, K., Desbois, A. P., Dick, J. R., Galloway, S. D. R., & Hamilton, D. L. (2019). Mussel Consumption as a "Food First” Approach to Improve Omega 3 Status. Nutrients, 11(6):1381.
Dar, M. A., Belal, A. A., Madkour, A. G. (2018). The differential abilites of some molluscs to accumulate heavy metals within their shells in the Timsah and the Great Bitter lakes, Suez Canal, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(4):291-298.
Duffus, J. H. (2002). "Heavy metals” a meaningless term? (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 74(5):793-807.
Gerringa, L. J. A., de Baar, H. J. W., Nolting, R. F., & Paucot, H. (2001). The influence of salinity on the solubility of Zn and Cd sulphides in the Scheldt estuary. Journal of Sea Research, 46(3):201-211.
Hoang, H. G., Lin, C., Tran, H. T., Chiang, C. F., Bui, X. T., Cheruiyot, N. K., Shern, C. C., & Lee, C. W. (2020). Heavy metal contamination trends in surface water and sediments of a river in a highly industrialized region. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 20(1):101043.
Honig, A., Etter, R., Pepperman, K., Morello, S., & Hannigan, R. (2020). Site and age discrimination using trace element fingerprints in the blue mussel, Mytillus edulis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 522(1):151249.
Ibrahim, N. K., & El-regal, M. A. A. (2014). Heavy Metals Accumulation in Marine Edible Molluscs, Timsah Lake, Suez Canal, Egypt. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology, 4(4):282-288.
Karaouzas, I., Kapetanaki, N., Mentzafou, A., Kanellopoulos, T. D., & Skoulikidis, N. (2021). Heavy metal contamination status in Greek surface waters: A review with application and evaluation of pollution indices. Chemosphere, 263(1):128192.
Keshta, A. E., Shaltout, K. H., Baldwin, A. H., & Sharaf, E. A. A. (2020). Sediment clays are trapping heavy metals in urban lakes: An indicator for severe industrial and agricultural influence on coastal wetlands at the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 151(1):110816.
Kouali, H., Achtak, H., Chaouti, A., Elkalay, K., Dahbi, A. (2020). Assessment of trace metal contamination n surficial fine-grained sediments and mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis from Safi areas in the northwestern Atlantic coast of Morocco. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 40(1):101535.
Krupnova, T. G., Mashkova, I. V., Kostryukova, A. M., Egorov, N. O., & Gavrilkina, S. V. (2018). Bioconcentration of heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes of South Urals region lakes. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 19(1):296-302.
Loder, A. L., Mallory, M. L., Spooner, I., McLauchlan, C., Englehardt, P. O., McLellan, N., & White, C. (2016). Bioaccumulation of Lead and Arsenic in Gastropods Inhabiting Salt Marsh Ponds in Coastal Bay of Fundy, Canada. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 227(3):75.
Mangalagiri, P., Bikkina, A., Sundarraj, D. K., & Thatiparthi, B. R. (2020). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Rastrelliger kanagurta along the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160(1):111658.
Mubiana, V. K., Vercauteren, K., & Blust, R. (2006). The influence of body size, condition index and tidal exposure on the variability in metal bioaccumulation in Mytilus edulis. Environmental Pollution, 144(1): 272-279.
Nour, H. E., & El-Sorogy, A. S. (2020). Heavy metals contamination in seawater, sediments and seashells of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(11):274.
Nowrouzi, M., & Pourkhabbaz, A. (2014). Application of geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for assessing metal contamination in the sediments of Hara Biosphere Reserve, Iran. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 26(2):99-105.
Perosevic, A., Joksimovic, D., Durovic, D., Milasevic, I., Radomirovic, M., & Stankovic, S. (2018). Human exposure to trace elements via consumption of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 50(1):554-559.
Peycheva, K., Panayotova, V., Merdzhanova, A., Stancheva, R. (2019). Estimation of THQ and potential health risk for metals by comsumption of some black sea marine fishes and mussels in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 51(1):241-246.
Pinto, R., Acosta, V., Segnini, M. I., Brito, L., & Martínez, G. (2015). Temporal variations of heavy metals levels in Perna viridis, on the Chacopata-Bocaripo lagoon axis, Sucre State, Venezuela. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 91(2):418-423.
Proum, S., Santos, J. H., Lim, L. H., & Marshall, D. J. (2016). Metal accumulation in the tissues and shells of Indothais gradata snails inhabiting soft and hard subtrata in an acidified tropical estuary (Brunei, South East Asia). Regional Studies in Marine Science, 8(3):487-497.
Putri, A. D. D., Yona, D., & Handayani, M. (2016). Kandungan logam berat (Cd, Cu DAN Zn) pada air dan sedimen perairan Pelabuhan Kamal, Kabupaten Bangkalan Madura. Paper presented at Seminar Nasional Perikanan dan Kelautan VI, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia. 533-538p.
Rashida, Q., Olufemi, A., Rana, M., & Rahim, A. A. (2015). Seasonal Variation in Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Perna viridis from Manora Channel of Karachi, Arabian Sea. International Journal of Marine Science, 5(44):1-13.
Ruiz, M. D., Iriel, A., Yusseppone, M. S., Ortiz, N., Di Salvatore, P., Cirelli, A. F., Rios, D. M. C., Calcagno, J. A., Sabatini, S. E. (2018). Trace metals and oxidative status in soft tissues of caged mussels (Aulacomya atra) on the North Patagonian coastline. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 155(1):152-161.
Sari, S. H. J., Harlyan, L. I., & Yona, D. (2018). Potential mangrove species in Porong River Estuary as inhibiting agent of heavy metal (Pb, Cu and Zn) pollution. Pertanika Journal Of Tropical Agricultural Science, 41(1): 271-286.
Schertzinger, G., Ruchter, N., & Sures, B. (2018). Metal accumulation in sediments and amphipods downstream of combined sewer overflows. Science of The Total Environment, 616(1):1199-1207.
Sudsandee, S., Tantrakarnapa, K., Tharnpoophasiam, P., Limpanont, Y., Mingkhwan, R., & Worakhunpiset, S. (2017). Evaluating health risks posed by heavy metals to humans consuming blood cockles (Anadara granosa) from the Upper Gulf of Thailand. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(17): 14605-14615.
Szefer, P., Ali, A. A., Ba-Haroon, A. A., Rajeh, A. A., Gełdon, J., & Nabrzyski, M. (1999). Distribution and relationships of selected trace metals in molluscs and associated sediments from the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. Environmental Pollution, 106(3): 299-314.
Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, 101(1): 133-164.
Thuróczy, C. E., Boye, M., & Losno, R. (2010). Dissolution of cobalt and zinc from natural and anthropogenic dusts in seawater. Biogeosciences, 7(6):1927-1936.
Truchet, D. M., Buzzi, N. S., Negro, C. L., Mora, M. C., & Marcovecchio, J. E. (2021). Integrative assessment of the ecological risk of heavy metals in a South American estuary under human pressures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208(1):111498.
Vasanthi, L. A., Revathi, P., Rajendran, R. B., Munuswamy, N. (2017). Detection of metal induced cytopathological alterations and DNA damage in the gills and hepatopancreas of green mussel Perna viridis from Ennore Estuary, Chennai, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 117(2):41-49.
Vasanthi, L. A., Revathi, P., Arulvasu, C., & Munuswamy, N. (2012). Biomarkers of metal toxicity and histology of Perna viridis from Ennore estuary, Chennai, south east coast of India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84(1):92-98.
Wang, P., Zhang, L., Lin, X., Yan, J., Zhang, P., Zhao, B., Zhang, C., & Yu, Y. (2020). Spatial distribution, control factors and sources of heavy metal in the surface sediments of Fudu Estuary waters, East Liaodong Bay, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 156(1):111279.
Yap, C. K., Cheng, W. H., Karami, A., & Ismail, A. (2016). Health risk assessments of heavy metal exposure via consumption of marine mussels collected from anthropogenic sites. Science of The Total Environment, 553(1):285-296.
Yap, C. K., Ismail, A., &Tan, S. G. (2009). Effect of body size on heavy metal contents and concentrations in Green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) from Malaysian Coastal Waters. Pertanika Journal of Science Technology, 17(1):61-68.
Yap, C. K., Hatta, Y., Edward, F. B., & Tan, S. G. (2008). Comparison of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn) in the shells and different soft tissues of Anadara granosa collected from Jeram, Kuala Juru and Kuala Kurau, Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika Journal Of Tropical Agricultural Science, 31(2):205-215.
Yona, D., Fuad, M. A. Z., & Hidayati, N. (2018). Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of the Southern Coast of Pacitan, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 18(1):137-144.
Yona, D., Andira, A., & Hikmah, J. S. S. (2016). Lead (Pb) Accumulation in Water, Sediment and Mussels (Hiatula chinensis) from Pasir Panjang Coast, Lekok Pasuruan. Research Journal of Life Science, 3(1):49-54.
Yona, D., Julinda, S. S. H., & Safitri, R. H. (2020a). Accumulation and Phytoextraction Potential of Heavy Metals of Enhalus acoroides in the Coastal Waters of Lamongan, Java, Indonesia. Sains Malaysiana, 49(8):1765-1771.
Yona, D., Sari, S. H. J., Iranawati, F., Fathur, R. M., & Rini, N. M. (2020). Heavy metals accumulation and risk assessment of Anadara granosa from eastern water of Java Sea, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 416(1):012007.
Yona, D., Vernandes, D., Kasitowati, R. D., & Sari, S. H. J. (2020). Spatial Distribution and Contamination Assessment of Lead (Pb) in the Seawater and Surface Sediments of the Coastal Area of Prigi Bay, Trenggalek, East Java. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 12(1):140-148.
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