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Effect of Acetic Acid Pretreatment on Hydro-extraction of Water-Soluble Collagen from Skin of Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)
Corresponding Author(s) : Patmawati
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 15 No. 2 (2023): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Highlight Research
- The optimal condition for production of water-soluble collagen from Alaska pollock fish skin was the pretreatment with 0.15 M acetic acid followed by hydro-extraction at 40oC with 150 rpm for two hours.
- Higher acetic acid concentration at a pretreatment step enhanced the higher yield of water-soluble collagen via hydro-extraction process.
- Hydro-extraction was an environmentally friendly method for converting Alaska pollock fish skin to water-soluble collagen.
- Alaska pollock fish skin could be used as an alternative source for collagen production.
Abstract
To date, there is no information on skin of Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) being used as a source for collagen. In order to produce water-soluble collagen from the skin of Alaska Pollock, a process known as hydro-extraction is utilized. This technique does not need a long extraction time or a large amount of chemical reagent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acetic acid pretreatment on hydro-extraction of water-soluble collagen from Alaska Pollock skin. The skin samples were pretreated using acetic acid at different concentrations (0.01 M; 0.05 M; 0.1 M, 0.15 M) for two hours at chilling temperature. The pretreated skin samples were further processed to produce water-soluble collagen using the hydroxy-extraction method. The obtained collagen was analyzed for proximate compositions, yield, and amino acids compositions with high performance liquid chromatography. It was found that the proximate compositions of the collagen products, specifically the protein content (75%) and fat content (1%), met the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 8076:2014). The collagen yield ranged from 2.6 to 3.13%. The predominate amino acids in collagen were glycine, arginine, proline, glutamic acid, serine, and alanine. Pretreatment of skin sample with 0.15 M acetic acid resulted in the highest yield of water-soluble collagen (3.13%) and protein content (91.13%). The skin of Alaska Pollock fish could be used as an alternative raw material to produce water-soluble collagen for medical, pharmacy or food processing applications.
Keywords
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- Aberoumand, A. (2012). Comparative study between different methods of collagen extraction from fish and its properties. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16(3):316-319.
- AOAC. (2007). Official methods of analysis (17th ed.). Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
- Chen, J., Li, L., Yi, R., Xu, N., Gao, R., & Hong, B. (2016). Extraction and characterization of acid-soluble collagen from scales and skin of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). LWT- Food Science and Technology, 6:453-459.
- Chen, S., Hong, Z., Wen, H., Hong B., Lin, R., Chen, W., Xie, Q., Le, Q., Yi, R., & Wu, H. (2022). Compositional and structural characteristics of pepsin-soluble type I collagen from the scales of red drum fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. Food Hydrocolloids, 123:107111.
- Fawzya, Y. N., Chasanah, E., Poernomo, A., & Khirzin, M. H. (2016). Isolasi dan karakterisasi parsial kolagen dari teripang gamma (Sticopus variegatus). Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan, 11(1):91-100.
- Febriansyah, R., Pratama, A., & Gumilar, J. (2019). Pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH terhadap rendemen, kadar air dan kadar abu gelatin ceker itik (Anas platyrhynchos Javanica). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak, 14(1):1-10.
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2017). FAO global capture production database updated to 2015 - summary information. Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations.
- Friess, W., & Lee, G. (1996). Basic thermoanalytical studies of insoluble collagen matrices. Biomaterials, 17(23):2289-2294.
- GimeÌnez, B., Turnay, J., Lizarbe, M. A., Montero, P., & GoÌmez-GuilleÌn, M. C. (2005). Use of lactic acid for extraction of fish skin gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids, 19(6):941-950.
- Gratzfeld-Huesgen, A. (1998). Sensitive and reliable amino acid analysis in protein hydrolysates using the Agilent 1100 series HPLC. Hewlett Packard Technical Note, 12:5966-3110.
- Harjo, S. S. T., Lilik, E. R., & Djalal, R. (2015). Perbandingan madu karet dan madu rambutan berdasarkan kadar air, aktivitas enzim diastase dan hidroximetilfurfural (HMF). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak, 10(1):18-21.
- Hema, G. S., Shyni, K., Mathew, S., Ananda, R., Ninan, G., & Lakshmanan, P. T. (2013). A simple method for isolation of fish skin collagen-biochemical characterization of skin collagen extracted from albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga), dog shark (Scoliodon sorrakowah), and rohu (Labeo rohita). Annals of Biological Research, 4(1):271-278.
- Huang, C. Y., Kuo, J. M., Wu, S. J., & Tsai, H. T. (2016). Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen from tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) by a novel extrusion-hydro-extraction process. Food Chemistry, 190:997-1006.
- Hudzaifah, M. R. (2013). Karakterisasi sifat fisikokimia gelatin kulit ikan sapu-sapu (Hyposarcus pardalis) hasil hidrolisis asam. Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah.
- Jafari, H., Lista, A., Siekapen, M. M., Ghaffari-Bohlouli, P., Nie, L., Alimoradi, H., & Shavandi, A. (2020). Fish collagen: Extraction, characterization, and applications for biomaterials engineering. Polymers, 12(10):1-37.
- Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP). (2013). Statistik kelautan dan perikanan dalam angka 2013. Jakarta: Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan.
- Khirzin, M. H., Ton, S., & Fatkhurrohman. (2019). Ekstraksi dan karakterisasi gelatin tulang itik menggunakan metode ekstraksi asam. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 14(2):119-127.
- Kiew, P. L., & Don, M. M. (2013). The influence of acetic concentration on the extractability of collagen from the skin of hybrid Clarias sp. and its physicochemical properties: a preliminary study. Focusing on Modern Food Industry, 2(3):123-128.
- Kolanus, J. P. M., Sugeng, H., & Syarifuddin, I. (2019). Karakterisasi kolagen larut asam dari kulit ikan tuna (Thunnus albacores) dengan metode hidroekstraksi. Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri, 13(1):99-110.
- Kristiandi, K., Rozana, J., & Andi, M. (2021). Analisis kadar air, abu, serat dan lemak pada minuman sirop jeruk siam (Citrus nobilis microcarpa). Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem, 9(2):165-171.
- Kumar, M. H., Spandana, V., & Poonam, T. (2011). Extraction and determination of collagen peptide and its clinical importance from tilapia fish scales (Oreochromis niloticus). International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2(10):97-99.
- Kusumawinahyu, C. A., Abidin, S. H., Patmawati, Pudjiastuti, D. Y., Dwitha Nirmala, D., Alamsjah, M. A., Sulmartiwi, L., & Raseetha, S. (2022). Effects of different acetic acid immersion time on the properties of collagen from pangasius skin. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 14(2):411-417.
- Li, Y., Chen, F., Zou, J., Zhi, M., & Huang, G. (2018). Gelatin extraction of alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) dry skin. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 14(1):13-19.
- Liang, Q., Wang, L., Sun, W., Wang, Z., Xu, J., & Ma, H. (2014). Isolation and characterization of collagen from the cartilage of Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Process Biochemistry, 49(2):318-323.
- Luo, Q. B., Chi, C. F., Yang, F., Zhao, Y. Q., & Wang, B. (2018). Physicochemical properties of acid-and pepsin-soluble collagens from the cartilage of Siberian sturgeon. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25:31427-31438.
- MarouÅ¡ek, J., MarouÅ¡ková, A., MyÅ¡ková, K., Váchal, J., Vochozka, M., & Žák, J. (2015). Techno-economic assessment of collagen casings waste management. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(10):3385-3390.
- Mulyani, S., Setyabudi, F. M. C. S., Pranoto, Y., & Santoso, U. (2017). Physicochemical properties of gelatin extracted from buffalo hide pretreated with different acids. Food Science of Animal Resources, 37(5):708-715.
- Muralidharan, N., Shakila, R. J., Sukumar, D., & Jeyasekaran, G. (2013). Skin, bone, and muscle collagen extraction from the trash fish, leather jacket (Odonus niger) and their characterization. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 50(6):1106-1113.
- Nalinanon, S., Benjakul, S., Kishimura, H., & Osako, K. (2011). Type I collagen from the skin of ornate threadfin bream (Nemipterus hexodon): Characteristics and effect of pepsin hydrolysis. Food Chemistry, 125(2):500-507.
- Nezu, T., & Winnik, F. M. (2000). Interaction of water-soluble collagen with poly(acrylic acid). Biomaterials, 21(4):415-419.
- Nolsí¸e, H., & Undeland, I. (2009). The acid and alkaline solubilization process for the isolation of muscle proteins: state of the art. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2(1):1-27.
- Normah, I., & Afiqah, M. M. (2018). Effect of extraction time on the physico-chemical characteristics of collagen from sin croaker (Johniecop sina) waste. International Food Research Journal, 25(3):1074-1080.
- Nugraheni, A. W., Anggo, A. D., & Dewi, E. N. (2021). Pengaruh jenis asam terhadap karakteristik gelatin kulit ikan ayam-ayam (Abalistes stellaris). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan, 3(2):78-85.
- Oslan, S. N. H., Li, C. X., Shapawi, R., Mokhtar, R. A. M., Noordin, W. N. M., & Huda, N. (2022). Extraction and characterization of bioactive fish by-product collagen as promising for potential wound healing agent in pharmaceutical applications: Current trend and future perspective. International Journal of Food Science, 2022(9437878):1-10.
- Pati, F., Adhikari, B., & Dhara, S. (2010). Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen of higher thermal stability. Bioresource Technology, 101(10):3737-3742.
- Patino, M. G., Neiders, M. E., Andreana, S., Noble, B., & Cohen, R. E. (2022). Collagen: an overview. Implant Dentistry, 11(3):280-285.
- Paudi, R., Sulistijowati, R., & Mile, L. (2020). Rendemen kolagen kulit ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos) segar hasil ekstraksi asam asetat. Jambura Fish Processing Journal, 2(1):21-27.
- Silvipriya, K.S., Kumar, K.K., Bhat, A.R, Kumar, B.D., John, A., Lakshmanan, P. 2015. Collagen: animal sources and biomedical application. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 5(3): 123–127.
- Rosida, R., Handayani, L., & Dwi, A. (2018). Pemanfaatan limbah tulang ikan kambing-kambing (Abalistes stellaris) sebagai gelatin menggunakan variasi konsentrasi CH3COOH. Acta Aquatica Aquatic Sciences Journal, 5(2):93-99.
- Said, M. I., Hajrawati, H., & Munda, M. (2017). Evaluasi Sifat-sifat kolagen tulang broiler pada penerapan kombinasi proses berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak, 12(2):89-96.
- Said, M. I., Triatmojo, S., Erwanto, Y., & Fudholi, A. (2011). Karakteristik gelatin kulit kambing yang diproduksi melalui proses asam basa. Agritech, 31(3):216-455.
- Singh, P., Benjakul, S., Maqsood, S., & Kishimura, H. (2011). Isolation and characterization of collagen extracted from the skin of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Food Chemistry, 124(1):97-105.
- Sousa R. O., Martins E., Carvalho D. N., Alves A. L., Oliveira, C., Duarte, A. R. C., Silva, T. H., & Reis, R. L. (2020). Collagen from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) skins extracted using CO2 acidified water with potential application in healthcare. Journal of Polymer Research, 27(73):1-9.
- Sripriya, R., Kumar, R., Balaji, S., Kumar, M. S., & Sehgal, P. K. (2011). Characterizations of poly- anionic collagen prepared by linking additional carboxylic groups. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 71(1):62-69.
- Suptijah, P., Suseno, S. H., & Cholil, A. (2013). Analisis kekuatan gel (gel strength) produk permen jelly dari gelatin kulit ikan cucut dengan penambahan karaginan dan rumput laut. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 16(2):183-191.
- Van De Water, L., Varney, S., Tomasek, J. J. (2013). Mechanoregulation of the myofibroblast in wound contraction, scarring, and fibrosis: Opportunities for new therapeutic intervention. Advances in Wound Care, 2(4):122-141.
- Walters, B. D., & Stegemann, J. P. (2014). Strategies for directing the structure and function of three-dimensional collagen biomaterials across length scales. Acta Biomaterialia, 10(4):1488-1501.
- Wu, J., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Chen, L. (2019). Isolation and comparative study on the characterization of guanidine hydrochloride soluble collagen and pepsin soluble collagen from the body of surf clam shell (Coelomactra antiquata). Foods, 8(1):1-13.
References
Aberoumand, A. (2012). Comparative study between different methods of collagen extraction from fish and its properties. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16(3):316-319.
AOAC. (2007). Official methods of analysis (17th ed.). Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Chen, J., Li, L., Yi, R., Xu, N., Gao, R., & Hong, B. (2016). Extraction and characterization of acid-soluble collagen from scales and skin of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). LWT- Food Science and Technology, 6:453-459.
Chen, S., Hong, Z., Wen, H., Hong B., Lin, R., Chen, W., Xie, Q., Le, Q., Yi, R., & Wu, H. (2022). Compositional and structural characteristics of pepsin-soluble type I collagen from the scales of red drum fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. Food Hydrocolloids, 123:107111.
Fawzya, Y. N., Chasanah, E., Poernomo, A., & Khirzin, M. H. (2016). Isolasi dan karakterisasi parsial kolagen dari teripang gamma (Sticopus variegatus). Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan, 11(1):91-100.
Febriansyah, R., Pratama, A., & Gumilar, J. (2019). Pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH terhadap rendemen, kadar air dan kadar abu gelatin ceker itik (Anas platyrhynchos Javanica). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak, 14(1):1-10.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2017). FAO global capture production database updated to 2015 - summary information. Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations.
Friess, W., & Lee, G. (1996). Basic thermoanalytical studies of insoluble collagen matrices. Biomaterials, 17(23):2289-2294.
GimeÌnez, B., Turnay, J., Lizarbe, M. A., Montero, P., & GoÌmez-GuilleÌn, M. C. (2005). Use of lactic acid for extraction of fish skin gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids, 19(6):941-950.
Gratzfeld-Huesgen, A. (1998). Sensitive and reliable amino acid analysis in protein hydrolysates using the Agilent 1100 series HPLC. Hewlett Packard Technical Note, 12:5966-3110.
Harjo, S. S. T., Lilik, E. R., & Djalal, R. (2015). Perbandingan madu karet dan madu rambutan berdasarkan kadar air, aktivitas enzim diastase dan hidroximetilfurfural (HMF). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak, 10(1):18-21.
Hema, G. S., Shyni, K., Mathew, S., Ananda, R., Ninan, G., & Lakshmanan, P. T. (2013). A simple method for isolation of fish skin collagen-biochemical characterization of skin collagen extracted from albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga), dog shark (Scoliodon sorrakowah), and rohu (Labeo rohita). Annals of Biological Research, 4(1):271-278.
Huang, C. Y., Kuo, J. M., Wu, S. J., & Tsai, H. T. (2016). Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen from tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) by a novel extrusion-hydro-extraction process. Food Chemistry, 190:997-1006.
Hudzaifah, M. R. (2013). Karakterisasi sifat fisikokimia gelatin kulit ikan sapu-sapu (Hyposarcus pardalis) hasil hidrolisis asam. Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah.
Jafari, H., Lista, A., Siekapen, M. M., Ghaffari-Bohlouli, P., Nie, L., Alimoradi, H., & Shavandi, A. (2020). Fish collagen: Extraction, characterization, and applications for biomaterials engineering. Polymers, 12(10):1-37.
Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP). (2013). Statistik kelautan dan perikanan dalam angka 2013. Jakarta: Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan.
Khirzin, M. H., Ton, S., & Fatkhurrohman. (2019). Ekstraksi dan karakterisasi gelatin tulang itik menggunakan metode ekstraksi asam. Jurnal Sain Peternakan Indonesia, 14(2):119-127.
Kiew, P. L., & Don, M. M. (2013). The influence of acetic concentration on the extractability of collagen from the skin of hybrid Clarias sp. and its physicochemical properties: a preliminary study. Focusing on Modern Food Industry, 2(3):123-128.
Kolanus, J. P. M., Sugeng, H., & Syarifuddin, I. (2019). Karakterisasi kolagen larut asam dari kulit ikan tuna (Thunnus albacores) dengan metode hidroekstraksi. Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri, 13(1):99-110.
Kristiandi, K., Rozana, J., & Andi, M. (2021). Analisis kadar air, abu, serat dan lemak pada minuman sirop jeruk siam (Citrus nobilis microcarpa). Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem, 9(2):165-171.
Kumar, M. H., Spandana, V., & Poonam, T. (2011). Extraction and determination of collagen peptide and its clinical importance from tilapia fish scales (Oreochromis niloticus). International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2(10):97-99.
Kusumawinahyu, C. A., Abidin, S. H., Patmawati, Pudjiastuti, D. Y., Dwitha Nirmala, D., Alamsjah, M. A., Sulmartiwi, L., & Raseetha, S. (2022). Effects of different acetic acid immersion time on the properties of collagen from pangasius skin. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 14(2):411-417.
Li, Y., Chen, F., Zou, J., Zhi, M., & Huang, G. (2018). Gelatin extraction of alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) dry skin. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 14(1):13-19.
Liang, Q., Wang, L., Sun, W., Wang, Z., Xu, J., & Ma, H. (2014). Isolation and characterization of collagen from the cartilage of Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Process Biochemistry, 49(2):318-323.
Luo, Q. B., Chi, C. F., Yang, F., Zhao, Y. Q., & Wang, B. (2018). Physicochemical properties of acid-and pepsin-soluble collagens from the cartilage of Siberian sturgeon. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25:31427-31438.
MarouÅ¡ek, J., MarouÅ¡ková, A., MyÅ¡ková, K., Váchal, J., Vochozka, M., & Žák, J. (2015). Techno-economic assessment of collagen casings waste management. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(10):3385-3390.
Mulyani, S., Setyabudi, F. M. C. S., Pranoto, Y., & Santoso, U. (2017). Physicochemical properties of gelatin extracted from buffalo hide pretreated with different acids. Food Science of Animal Resources, 37(5):708-715.
Muralidharan, N., Shakila, R. J., Sukumar, D., & Jeyasekaran, G. (2013). Skin, bone, and muscle collagen extraction from the trash fish, leather jacket (Odonus niger) and their characterization. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 50(6):1106-1113.
Nalinanon, S., Benjakul, S., Kishimura, H., & Osako, K. (2011). Type I collagen from the skin of ornate threadfin bream (Nemipterus hexodon): Characteristics and effect of pepsin hydrolysis. Food Chemistry, 125(2):500-507.
Nezu, T., & Winnik, F. M. (2000). Interaction of water-soluble collagen with poly(acrylic acid). Biomaterials, 21(4):415-419.
Nolsí¸e, H., & Undeland, I. (2009). The acid and alkaline solubilization process for the isolation of muscle proteins: state of the art. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2(1):1-27.
Normah, I., & Afiqah, M. M. (2018). Effect of extraction time on the physico-chemical characteristics of collagen from sin croaker (Johniecop sina) waste. International Food Research Journal, 25(3):1074-1080.
Nugraheni, A. W., Anggo, A. D., & Dewi, E. N. (2021). Pengaruh jenis asam terhadap karakteristik gelatin kulit ikan ayam-ayam (Abalistes stellaris). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Perikanan, 3(2):78-85.
Oslan, S. N. H., Li, C. X., Shapawi, R., Mokhtar, R. A. M., Noordin, W. N. M., & Huda, N. (2022). Extraction and characterization of bioactive fish by-product collagen as promising for potential wound healing agent in pharmaceutical applications: Current trend and future perspective. International Journal of Food Science, 2022(9437878):1-10.
Pati, F., Adhikari, B., & Dhara, S. (2010). Isolation and characterization of fish scale collagen of higher thermal stability. Bioresource Technology, 101(10):3737-3742.
Patino, M. G., Neiders, M. E., Andreana, S., Noble, B., & Cohen, R. E. (2022). Collagen: an overview. Implant Dentistry, 11(3):280-285.
Paudi, R., Sulistijowati, R., & Mile, L. (2020). Rendemen kolagen kulit ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos) segar hasil ekstraksi asam asetat. Jambura Fish Processing Journal, 2(1):21-27.
Silvipriya, K.S., Kumar, K.K., Bhat, A.R, Kumar, B.D., John, A., Lakshmanan, P. 2015. Collagen: animal sources and biomedical application. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 5(3): 123–127.
Rosida, R., Handayani, L., & Dwi, A. (2018). Pemanfaatan limbah tulang ikan kambing-kambing (Abalistes stellaris) sebagai gelatin menggunakan variasi konsentrasi CH3COOH. Acta Aquatica Aquatic Sciences Journal, 5(2):93-99.
Said, M. I., Hajrawati, H., & Munda, M. (2017). Evaluasi Sifat-sifat kolagen tulang broiler pada penerapan kombinasi proses berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Ternak, 12(2):89-96.
Said, M. I., Triatmojo, S., Erwanto, Y., & Fudholi, A. (2011). Karakteristik gelatin kulit kambing yang diproduksi melalui proses asam basa. Agritech, 31(3):216-455.
Singh, P., Benjakul, S., Maqsood, S., & Kishimura, H. (2011). Isolation and characterization of collagen extracted from the skin of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Food Chemistry, 124(1):97-105.
Sousa R. O., Martins E., Carvalho D. N., Alves A. L., Oliveira, C., Duarte, A. R. C., Silva, T. H., & Reis, R. L. (2020). Collagen from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) skins extracted using CO2 acidified water with potential application in healthcare. Journal of Polymer Research, 27(73):1-9.
Sripriya, R., Kumar, R., Balaji, S., Kumar, M. S., & Sehgal, P. K. (2011). Characterizations of poly- anionic collagen prepared by linking additional carboxylic groups. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 71(1):62-69.
Suptijah, P., Suseno, S. H., & Cholil, A. (2013). Analisis kekuatan gel (gel strength) produk permen jelly dari gelatin kulit ikan cucut dengan penambahan karaginan dan rumput laut. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 16(2):183-191.
Van De Water, L., Varney, S., Tomasek, J. J. (2013). Mechanoregulation of the myofibroblast in wound contraction, scarring, and fibrosis: Opportunities for new therapeutic intervention. Advances in Wound Care, 2(4):122-141.
Walters, B. D., & Stegemann, J. P. (2014). Strategies for directing the structure and function of three-dimensional collagen biomaterials across length scales. Acta Biomaterialia, 10(4):1488-1501.
Wu, J., Guo, X., Liu, H., & Chen, L. (2019). Isolation and comparative study on the characterization of guanidine hydrochloride soluble collagen and pepsin soluble collagen from the body of surf clam shell (Coelomactra antiquata). Foods, 8(1):1-13.