Diet dan Sindrom Metabolik pada Remaja Obesitas
Downloads
ABSTRACT
Background : The prevalence of obesity in adolescents is increasing and causes metabolic syndrome at a young age. Metabolic syndrome results from the interaction of environmental, genetic, and dietary factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the diet profile of obese adolescents suffering from metabolic syndrome.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study of obese adolescents who visited the Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolic Disease in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. The anthropometry examination (weight, height and waist circumference), blood pressure, and blood tests (HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose levels) were measured. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was based on the International Diabetes Federation. Food consumption data was obtained through direct interviews using data collection sheets. Analysis of dietary differences in obese adolescents suffering from metabolic syndrome was performed by chi square using SPSS.
Results and Discussions: A total of 59 obese adolescents aged 13-16 years were involved in this study. A total of 27 subjects (45.8%) suffered from metabolic syndrome and 32 subjects (54.2%) did not suffer from metabolic syndrome. The level of the consumption of fish, vegetables, and fruit in obese adolescents were still low. There was no significant difference in the diet profile between obese adolescents who suffer from metabolic syndrome or not.
Conclusion: Prevention strategies through food consumption patterns are needed in obese adolescents to control metabolic stress processes and prevent metabolic syndrome in the future. Diet knowledge in obese adolescents needs to be given early to prevent further complications. Increasing foods that contain anti-oxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, is one of the strategies to prevent metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents.
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang : Prevalensi obesitas pada remaja semakin meningkat dan menyebabkan sindrom metabolik di usia muda. Sindrom metabolik terjadi akibat interaksi faktor lingkungan, genetik, dan diet. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui profil diet pada remaja obesitas yang menderita sindrom metabolik.
Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang pada remaja obesitas yang berkunjung di Poli Nutrisi dan Penyakit Metabolik Anak di RSUD Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya. Pada subyek dilakukan pemeriksaan antropometri (berat badan, tinggi badan, dan lingkar pinggang), pemeriksaan tekanan darah, dan pemeriksaan darah (kolesterol HDL, trigliserida, dan kadar glukosa darah). Diagnosis sindrom metabolik ditegakkan berdasarkan International Diabetes Federation. Data konsumsi makanan didapatkan melalui wawancara langsung dengan menggunakan lembar pengumpul data. Analisis perbedaan diet pada remaja obesitas yang menderita sindrom metabolik dilakukan dengan chi square menggunakan SPSS.
Hasil dan Pembahasan : Sebanyak 59 remaja obesitas yang berusia 13-16 tahun terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Sebanyak 27 subyek (45,8%) menderita sindrom metabolik dan sebanyak 32 subyek (54,2%) tidak menderita sindrom metabolik. Tingkat konsumsi ikan, sayur, dan buah pada remaja obesitas masih rendah. Tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna pada profil diet antara remaja obesitas yang menderita sindrom metabolik maupun tidak.
Kesimpulan : Strategi pencegahan melalui pola konsumsi makanan diperlukan pada remaja obesitas untuk mengontrol proses stres metabolik sehingga dapat mencegah sindrom metabolik di masa datang. Pengetahuan diet pada remaja obesitas perlu diberikan sejak dini untuk mencegah komplikasi lebih lanjut. Memperbanyak makanan yang mengandung anti-oksidan, seperti buah dan sayur merupakan salah satu strategi mencegah sindrom metabolik pada remaja obesitas.
Saltiel, A. R., & Olefsky, J. M. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127(1), 1–4 (2017).
Rinaldi, A. E. M., Gabriel, G. F. C. P., Moreto, F., Corrente, J. E., McLellan, K. C. P., & Burini, R. C. Dietary factors associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in overweight and obese Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 8(1), 1-10 (2016). Available from: http://dmsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13098-016-0178-9
Francisqueti, F. V., Chiaverini, L. C., Santos, K. C., Minatel, I. O., Ronchi, C. B., Ferron, A. J., Ferreira, A. L., & Corea, C. R. The role of oxidative stress on the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Revista da Associaçí£o Médica Brasileira, 63(1), 85–91 (2017).
O'Neill, S., O'Driscoll, L. Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies: Metabolic syndrome. Obesity Reviews, 16(1), 1–12 (2015).
Courties, A., Sellam, J., Berenbaum, F. Metabolic syndrome-associated osteoarthritis: Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 29(2), 214–22 (2017).
García-Toro, M., Vicens-Pons, E., Gili, M., Roca, M., Serrano-Ripoll, M.J., Vives, M., Yanez, A. M., Bennasar-Beny, M., & Olivan-Blazquez, B., Obesity, metabolic syndrome and Mediterranean diet: Impact on depression outcome. Journal of Affective Disorders, 194, 105–8 (2016).
Ussar, S., Griffin, N. W., Bezy, O., Fujisaka, S., Vienberg, S., Softic, S., Deng, L., Bry, L., Gordon, J. I., & Kahn, C. R. Interactions between Gut Microbiota, Host Genetics and Diet Modulate the Predisposition to Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Metabolism, 22(3), 516–30 (2015).
Grundy, S. M. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 26(4), 364–73 (2016).
Al-Hamad, D., Raman, V. Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Translational Pediatrics, 6(4), 397–407 (2017).
Viner, R.M., Ross, D., Hardy, R., Kuh, D., Power, C., Johnson, A., Wellings, K., McCambridge, J., Cole, T. J., Kelly, Y., & Batty, G. D. Life course epidemiology: recognising the importance of adolescence. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(8), 719–20 (2015).
Grossmann, M., Hoermann, R., Wittert, G., & Yeap, B. B. Effects of testosterone treatment on glucose metabolism and symptoms in men with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Clinical Endocrinology, 83(3), 344–51 (2015).
Schooling, C. M. Life course epidemiology: recognising the importance of puberty. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(8), 820–820 (2015).
Lin, H., Rogers, G. T., Lunetta, K. L., Levy, D., Miao, X., Troy, L. M., Jacques, P. E., & Murabito, J. M. Healthy diet is associated with gene expression in blood: the Framingham Heart Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 00, 1-8 (2019). Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ajcn/nqz060/5514142
Han, T. S., & Lean, M. E. A clinical perspective of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. JRSM Cardiovascular Disease, 5, 1-13 (2016).
Choe, S. S., Huh, J. Y., Hwang, I. J., Kim, J. I., & Kim, J. B. Adipose Tissue Remodeling: Its Role in Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 7(30), 1-16 (2016). Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fendo.2016.00030/abstract
Teixeira, F. C., Pereira, F. E. F., Pereira, A. F., & Ribeiro, B. G. Metabolic syndrome's risk factors and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren. Preventive Medicine Reports, 6, 27–32 (2017).
Saklayen, M. G. The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome. Current Hypertension Reports, 20(2), 1-8 (2018). Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z
Magge, S. N., Goodman, E., & Armstrong, S. C. The Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Shifting the Focus to Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clustering. Pediatrics, 140(2), e20171603 (2017).
Gupta, A., Sachdeva, A., Mahajan, N., Gupta, A., Sareen, N., Pandey R, Ramakrishnan, R., Sati, H. C., Sharma, B., Sharma, N., & Kapil, U. Prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors among school-age children of 10–16 Years living in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 22(3), 373-378 (2018).
Saltiel, A. R., & Olefsky, J. M. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127(1), 1–4 (2017).
Chung, S-W., Kang, S-G, Rho J-S, Kim H-N, Song I-S, Lee Y-A, Heo, S-J., & Song, S-W. The Association between Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 34(6), 420-428 (2013).
Rocha, N. P, Milagres, L. C., Longo, G. Z., Ribeiro, A. Q., & Novaes, J. F. Association between dietary pattern and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Jornal de Pediatria, 93(3), 214–22 (2017).
Cheng, C., Thompson, S., Edwards, C., Khan, N., & Holscher, H. Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults with Overweight and Obesity (FS18-03-19). Current Developments in Nutrition, 3(1) (2019). Available from: https://academic.oup.com/cdn/article/doi/10.1093/cdn/nzz041.FS18-03-19/5517202
Heymsfield, S. B., & Wadden, T. A. Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity. Longo DL, editor. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(3), 254–66 (2017).
Jais, A., & Brüning, J. C. Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127(1), 24–32 (2017).
Steckhan, N., Hohmann, C-D., Kessler, C., Dobos, G., Michalsen, A., & Cramer, H. Effects of different dietary approaches on inflammatory markers in patients with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition, 32(3), 338–48 (2016).
Furukawa, S., Fujita, T., Shimabukuro, M., Iwaki, M., Yamada, Y., Nakajima, Y., Nakayama, O., Makishima, M., Matsuda, M., & Shimomura, I. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 114(12), 1752–61 (2004).
Julibert, A., Bibiloni M., Bouzas, C., Martínez-González, M., Salas-Salvadó, J., & Corella D, et al. Total and Subtypes of Dietary Fat Intake and Its Association with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Risk. Nutrients, 11(7), 1493 (2019).
Clifton, P. Metabolic Syndrome”Role of Dietary Fat Type and Quantity. Nutrients, 11(7), 1438 (2019).
Kim, J., Fan, R., You, M., & Chung, S. Dietary n-6/n-3 FA Ratio, but Not Total Content of n-3 PUFA, Regulates Diet-induced Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Dysfunction (OR19-01-19). Current Developments in Nutrition, 3(1) (2019). Available from: https://academic.oup.com/cdn/article/doi/10.1093/cdn/nzz046.OR19-01-19/5517612
Root, M., & Meaux, K. Dietary Plant Protein and the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome over 9 Years (OR27-08-19). Current Developments in Nutrition, 3(1) (2019). Available from: https://academic.oup.com/cdn/article/doi/10.1093/cdn/nzz046.OR27-08-19/5517755
Sabaté, J., & Wien, M. A perspective on vegetarian dietary patterns and risk of metabolic syndrome. British Journal of Nutrition. 113(S2), S136–43 (2015).
AMERTA NUTR by Unair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. The journal allows the author to hold the copyright of the article without restrictions.
2. The journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
3. The legal formal aspect of journal publication accessibility refers to Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA).
4. The Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike (CC BY-SA) license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the conditions that the creator is appropriately credited and that any derivative work is made available under "the same, similar or a compatible license”. Other than the conditions mentioned above, the editorial board is not responsible for copyright violation.
