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Pengaruh Pemberian Hormon Igf-I (Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I) Recombinant Mouse terhadap Pertumbuhan Ikan Gurame (Osphronemus Gouramy)
[ Effect of hormones Recombinant Mouse IGF-I (Insulin-Like Growthfactor-I) on The Growth of Osphronemus gouramy]
Corresponding Author(s) : Woro Hastuti Satyantini
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, Vol. 8 No. 1 (2016): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Abstract
Abstrak
Konsumsi ikan gurame semakin meningkat setiap tahun mengakibatkan tingginya jumlah permintaan, belum dapat diimbangi produksi yang mencukupi. Laju pertumbuhan ikan gurame dikenal lambat, sehingga untuk mencapai ukuran konsumsi diperlukan waktu pemeliharaan relatif lama. Peningkatan kualitas produksi dengan meningkatkan kemampuan metabolisme sel terhadap asupan pakan ikan melalui penyuntikan hormon insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) diharapkan dapat memacu pertumbuhan, dan produksi ikan dapat ditingkatkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalahuntuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian hormon (IGF-I) recombinant mouse terhadap peningkatan pertumbuhan ikan gurame(Osphronemus gouramy). Penelitian adalah metode eksperimental rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), menggunakan ikan gurame sebanyak 80 ekor yang terbagi dalam 4 perlakuanP0 : tanpa disuntik hormon IGF-I, P1 : disuntik hormon IGF-I dengan dosis 10 ng/ml, P2 : disuntik hormon dengan dosis 20 ng/ml dan P3 : disuntik hormon dengan dosis 40 ng/ml masing-masing 5 ulangan setiap ulangan 4 ekor ikan gurame. Perlakuan dengan injeksi hormon IGF-I recombinant mouse. Parameter yang diukur adalah pertumbuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan penyuntikan hormon IGF-I recombinant mouse dengan dosis yang berbeda memberikan perbedaan yang nyata (p<0,05); pertumbuhan berat (P0: 0 ng/ml = 7,23 gram± 0,37 gram dan P3: 40 ng/ml = 26,35 gram± 1,89 gram) ;pertumbuhan panjang (P0 : 0 ng/ml = 5,76 cm ± 0,38 cm dan P3 : 40 ng/ml = 7,93 cm± 0,07 cm).). Kesimpulan penelitian bahwa IGF-I recombinant mouse berpengaruh meningkatkan pertumbuhan pada peningkatan berat dan panjang ikan gurame pada perlakuan penyuntikan 40 ng/ml.
Abstract
Osphronemus gouramy consumption is increasing every year which causes in a high number of inquiries for this fish, cannot be offset sufficiently by the amount of production. The growth rate of O. gouramy are known relatively slow, so that to achieve the required consumption is relatively long. Quality improvement of productivity by improving the ability of cell metabolism to intake of fish feed through hormone injection recombinant mouse insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is expected to spur growth, so that fish production can be increased. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the hormone IGF-I recombinant mouse to the increased growth of O.gouramy. The benefits of this research are expected to deliver the benefitsof science in the form of scientific information to the public in general and fish farmers especially about the effect of the hormone recombinant mouse IGF-I on the growth of O. gouramy.The research is methodis carried out experimentally by using completely randomized design (CRD),this study uses 80 O. gouramy were divided into 4 treatment P0: without hormone injectionsof IGF-I, P1: injected with the hormone IGF-I at a dose of 10 ng/ml, P2: injected with the hormone IGF-I at a dose of 20 ng/ml and P3: injected with the hormone ata dose of 40ng/ml each of 5 replicates each test 4 O. gouramy. The hormone IGF-I recombinant mouse is done by injection. The treatment with hormone injection of recombinant mouse IGF-I. Parameters measured were growth. The results showed that the treatment hormone injection of recombinant mouse IGF-I with different doses gave significant differences (p <0.05);weight growth (P0: 0 ng/ml = 7,23 gram ± 0,37 gram dan P3: 40 ng/ml = 26,35 gram ± 1,89 gram.); length growth (P0 : 0 ng/ml = 5,76 cm ± 0,38 cm dan P3 : 40 ng/ml = 7,93 cm ± 0,07 cm). The conclusion that recombinant mouse IGF-Iincreased the growth by increasing in weight and length of O. gouramy and improvement of the growth occurred in the treatment injection of the dose: 40ng/ml.
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- Arfah, L. M. dan O. Carman. 2006. Pemijahan Secara Buatan pada Ikan Gurame Osphronemus Gouramy Lac. dengan Penyuntikan Ovaprim. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 5 (2) : 103112.
- Beckman, B.R., M. Shimizu, B.A.Gadberry, and K.A. Cooper. 2004. Response of The Somatotropic Axis of Juvenile Coho Salmon to Alterations in Plane of Nutrition with An Analysis of The Relationships Among Growth Rate and Circulating IGF-I and 41 kDa IGFBP. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 135: 334-344.
- Björnsson B.Th., Johansson, V., Benedet, S., Einarsdottir, I.E., Hildahl, J., Agustsson, T., Jönsson, E., 2004. Growth hormone endocrinology of salmonids: regulatory mechanisms and mode of action. Fish Physiol. Biochem. In: Plisetskaya, E.M. (Ed.), Special Issue: Fish Growth and Metabolism. Environmental,
- Nutritional and Hormonal regulation. 27: 227–242.
- Boulware, S.D., W.V. Tamborlane, L.S. Matthews, and R.S. Sherwin. 1992. Diverse Effects of InsulinLike Growth Factor 1 on Glucose, Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism. Am. J. Physiol 262: 130–E133.
- Carnevali, O., L. de Vivo,R. Sulpizio, G. Gioacchini,I. Olivotto, S.Silvi, and A. Cresci. 2006. Growth improvement by probiotic in European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.), with particular attention to IGF-1, myostatin and cortisol gene expression. Aquaculture 258:430438.
- Djarijah, A. S. 1995. Pakan Ikan Alami. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
- Dohm, G.H., C.W. Elton, M.S. Raju, N.D. Mooney, R. Dimarchi, W.J. Pories, E.G. Flickinger, S.M. Atkinson, Jr., and J.F. Caro. 1990. IGF-1 Stimulated Glucose Transport in Human Skeletal Muscle and IGF-1 Resistance in Obesity and NIDDM, Diabetes. 39: 1028– 1032.
- Duan, C., H. Ren, and S. Gao, S. 2010. Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs), IGF Receptors, and IGFBinding Proteins: Roles in Skeletal Muscle Growth and Differentiation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 167:344-351.
- Enes, P., H. Peres, J. Sanchez-Gurmaches, I. Navarro, J. Gutiérrez, A. OlivaTeles. 2011. Insulin and IGF-I response to a glucose load in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture. 315: 321–326.
- Eppler, E. 2011. The Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) Within the Bony Fish Pituitary: New Morphofunctional and Phylogenetic Aspects. The Open Neuroendocrinology Journal. 4: 43-50.
- Fuller, S.J., J.R. Mynett, and P.H. Sugden. 1992. Stimulation of Cardiac Protein Synthesis by Insulin-Like Growth Factors. Biochem. J. 282: 85–90.
- Gutiérrez, J., M. Párrizas, M.A. Maestro, I. Navarro, and E.M. Plisetskaya. 1995. Insulin and IGF-I Binding and Tyrosine Kinase Activity in Fish Heart, J. Endocrinol. 146: 35–44.
- Hafez, ESE., Jainudeen, MR., and Rosnina, Y. 2000. Chapter 3 : Hormones, Growth Factors, and Reproduction. In : Reproduction in Farm Animals. Edited by : Hafez and Hafez. 7th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, New York, Tokyo. P. 35-54.
- Kawaguchi, K., N. Kaneko, M. Fukuda, Y. Nakano, S. Kimura, A. Hara, and M. Shimizu. 2013. Responses of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and two IGF-binding protein-1 subtypes to fasting and re-feeding, and their relationships with individual growth rates in yearling masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 11 041-8611, Japan.
- Kling, P., Jönsson, E., Nilsen, T.O., Einarsdottir, I.E., Rí¸nnestad, I., Stefansson, S.O., Björnsson, B.T. 2011. The role of growth hormone in growth, lipid homeostasis, energy utilization and partitioning
- in rainbow trout: Interactions with leptin, ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor I. General and Comparative Endocrinology 175 (2012): 153–162.
- Leibush, B., M. Párrizas, I. Navarro, Y. Lappova, M.A. Maestro, M. Encinas, E.M. Plisetskaya, and J. Gutiérrez. 1996. Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptors in Fish Brain. Regul. Peptides. 61: 155–161.
- Le Roith, D., M. Adamo, H. Werner, and C.T. Roberts, Jr. 1995. Molecular and Cellular Biology of The Insulin-Like Growth Factors. In: B.D. Weintraub (Ed.), Molecular Endocrinology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Correlations, Raven Press, New York. pp. 181–193.
- Liu, J. P., Baker, J., Perkins, A. S., Robertson, E. J. and Efstratiadis, A. 1993. Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r). Cell. 75: 59-72.
- Maggio, M., F. De Vita, F. Lauretani, V. Buttò, G. Bondi, C. Cattabiani, A. Nouvenne, T. Meschi, E Dall'Aglio, and G.P. Ceda. 2013. Review IGF-1, The Cross Road of The Nutritional, Inflammatory and Hormonal Pathways to Frailty. Nutrients 5: 4184-4205.
- Mathews, L.S., R.E. Hammer, R.R. Behringer,A.J. D'Ercole, G.I. Bell,R.L. Brinster, and R.D. Palmiter. 1988. Growth Enhancement of Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I. Endocrinology. 123:2827-2833.
- McCormick, S.D. 2001. Endocrine Control of Osmoregulation in Teleost fish. Am. Zool. 41: 781– 794.
- Montserrat, N., N.J.C. Gabillard, E. Capilla, M.I. Navarro, J. Gutiérrez. 2007. Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and muscle regulatory factors in the compensatory growth of the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). General and Comparative Endocrinology. 150: 462–472.
- Moriyama, S., Ayson, G., Kawauchi, H., 2000. Growth regulation by insulin-like growth factor-I in fish. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64: 1553–1562.
- Mulyati, S., M. Zairin Jr., dan M.M. Raswin. 2002. Pengaruh Umur Larva Saat Dimulainya Perendaman dalam Hormon Tiroksin terhadap Perkembangan, Pertumbuhan, dan Kelangsungan Hidup Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy) Effect of Thyroxine on Development, Growth and Survival of Giant Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy) Larvae. JurnalAkuakultur Indonesia . 1(1): 21-25.
- Peterson, B.C., Waldbieser, G.C., Bilodeau, A.L., 2005. Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on growth and abundance of mRNA for IGF-I and IGF-II in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Anim. Sci. 83: 816– 824.
- Peterson, BC., AL. Bilodeau-Bourgeois, and, BC. Small. 2009. Small Response of the somatotropic axis to alterations in feed intake of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 153: 457–463.
- Plisetskaya, E.M., S.J. Duguay, and C. Duan. 1994. Insulin and InsulinLike Growth Factor in Salmonids. Comparison of Structure, Expression and Regulation. In: K.G. Davey, R.E. Peter and S.S. Tobe (Eds.), Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology, National Research Council, Ottawa. pp. 226–233.
- Poppinga, J., J. Kittilson, S.D.. McCormick, M.A. Sheridan. 2007. Effects of Somatostatin on The Growth Hormone – Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis and Seawater Adaptation of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 273: 312–319.
- Pozios, K.C., J. Ding, B. Degger, Z. Upton, and C. Duan. 2001. IGFs Stimulate Zebrafish Cell Proliferation by Activating MAP Kinase and PI3-Kinase-Signaling Pathways. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280: R1230–R1239.
- Pusat Data Statistik dan Informasi Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP). 2015. Statistik Perikanan Tangkap, Perikanan Budidaya dan Ekspor – Import Setiap Provinsi Seluruh Indonesia. 2003-2010.
- Reinecke, M. 2010. Review Paper: Influences of The Environment on The Endocrine and Paracrine Fish Growth Hormone – Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I System. Journal of Fish Biology. 76: 1233–1254.
- Rodgers, B.D., Roalson, E.H., Thompson, C., 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) and IGFBP-related gene families. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 155: 201–207.
- Sakdiah, M., M. Zairin Jr., dan O. Carman. 2003. Pengaruh Lama Perendaman di Dalam Larutan Hormon Triiodotironin (T3) terhadap Perkembangan, Pertumbuhan dan Kelangsungan Hidup Larva Ikan Gurame (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.) Effect of Exposure Time of Triiodothyronine (T3) Hormone Solution on Development, Growth and Survival Rate of Giant Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.). JurnalAkuakultur Indonesia. 2(1): 1-6.
- Suprayudi, M.A. dan M. Setiawati. 2003. Kebutuhan Ikan Gurame (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.) Akan Mineral Fosfor. Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Giant Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.). JurnalAkuakultur Indonesia. 2(2): 67-71.
- Vong, Q.P., Chan, K.M., Cheng, C.H.K., 2003. Quantification of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA by real-time PCR: differential regulation of expression by GH. J. Endocrinol. 178: 513–521.
- Weber, G., Sullivan, C.V., 2000. Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I on In Vitro Wnal Oocyte Maturation and Ovarian Steroidogenesis in Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis. Biol. Reprod. 63: 1049–1057.
- Yan, B., Zhu C.D., Guo J.T., Zhao, L.H., and Zhao, J.L. 2012. miR-206 Regulates The Growth of The Teleost Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Through The Modulation of IGF-1 Gene Expression. J. Exp Biol 216:12651269.
- Zonneveld N, E. A. Huisman dan J.H. Boon. 1991. Prinsip-Prinsip Budidaya Ikan. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. 318 hlm.
References
Arfah, L. M. dan O. Carman. 2006. Pemijahan Secara Buatan pada Ikan Gurame Osphronemus Gouramy Lac. dengan Penyuntikan Ovaprim. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 5 (2) : 103112.
Beckman, B.R., M. Shimizu, B.A.Gadberry, and K.A. Cooper. 2004. Response of The Somatotropic Axis of Juvenile Coho Salmon to Alterations in Plane of Nutrition with An Analysis of The Relationships Among Growth Rate and Circulating IGF-I and 41 kDa IGFBP. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 135: 334-344.
Björnsson B.Th., Johansson, V., Benedet, S., Einarsdottir, I.E., Hildahl, J., Agustsson, T., Jönsson, E., 2004. Growth hormone endocrinology of salmonids: regulatory mechanisms and mode of action. Fish Physiol. Biochem. In: Plisetskaya, E.M. (Ed.), Special Issue: Fish Growth and Metabolism. Environmental,
Nutritional and Hormonal regulation. 27: 227–242.
Boulware, S.D., W.V. Tamborlane, L.S. Matthews, and R.S. Sherwin. 1992. Diverse Effects of InsulinLike Growth Factor 1 on Glucose, Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism. Am. J. Physiol 262: 130–E133.
Carnevali, O., L. de Vivo,R. Sulpizio, G. Gioacchini,I. Olivotto, S.Silvi, and A. Cresci. 2006. Growth improvement by probiotic in European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.), with particular attention to IGF-1, myostatin and cortisol gene expression. Aquaculture 258:430438.
Djarijah, A. S. 1995. Pakan Ikan Alami. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Dohm, G.H., C.W. Elton, M.S. Raju, N.D. Mooney, R. Dimarchi, W.J. Pories, E.G. Flickinger, S.M. Atkinson, Jr., and J.F. Caro. 1990. IGF-1 Stimulated Glucose Transport in Human Skeletal Muscle and IGF-1 Resistance in Obesity and NIDDM, Diabetes. 39: 1028– 1032.
Duan, C., H. Ren, and S. Gao, S. 2010. Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs), IGF Receptors, and IGFBinding Proteins: Roles in Skeletal Muscle Growth and Differentiation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 167:344-351.
Enes, P., H. Peres, J. Sanchez-Gurmaches, I. Navarro, J. Gutiérrez, A. OlivaTeles. 2011. Insulin and IGF-I response to a glucose load in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture. 315: 321–326.
Eppler, E. 2011. The Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) Within the Bony Fish Pituitary: New Morphofunctional and Phylogenetic Aspects. The Open Neuroendocrinology Journal. 4: 43-50.
Fuller, S.J., J.R. Mynett, and P.H. Sugden. 1992. Stimulation of Cardiac Protein Synthesis by Insulin-Like Growth Factors. Biochem. J. 282: 85–90.
Gutiérrez, J., M. Párrizas, M.A. Maestro, I. Navarro, and E.M. Plisetskaya. 1995. Insulin and IGF-I Binding and Tyrosine Kinase Activity in Fish Heart, J. Endocrinol. 146: 35–44.
Hafez, ESE., Jainudeen, MR., and Rosnina, Y. 2000. Chapter 3 : Hormones, Growth Factors, and Reproduction. In : Reproduction in Farm Animals. Edited by : Hafez and Hafez. 7th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, New York, Tokyo. P. 35-54.
Kawaguchi, K., N. Kaneko, M. Fukuda, Y. Nakano, S. Kimura, A. Hara, and M. Shimizu. 2013. Responses of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and two IGF-binding protein-1 subtypes to fasting and re-feeding, and their relationships with individual growth rates in yearling masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou). Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 11 041-8611, Japan.
Kling, P., Jönsson, E., Nilsen, T.O., Einarsdottir, I.E., Rí¸nnestad, I., Stefansson, S.O., Björnsson, B.T. 2011. The role of growth hormone in growth, lipid homeostasis, energy utilization and partitioning
in rainbow trout: Interactions with leptin, ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor I. General and Comparative Endocrinology 175 (2012): 153–162.
Leibush, B., M. Párrizas, I. Navarro, Y. Lappova, M.A. Maestro, M. Encinas, E.M. Plisetskaya, and J. Gutiérrez. 1996. Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptors in Fish Brain. Regul. Peptides. 61: 155–161.
Le Roith, D., M. Adamo, H. Werner, and C.T. Roberts, Jr. 1995. Molecular and Cellular Biology of The Insulin-Like Growth Factors. In: B.D. Weintraub (Ed.), Molecular Endocrinology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Correlations, Raven Press, New York. pp. 181–193.
Liu, J. P., Baker, J., Perkins, A. S., Robertson, E. J. and Efstratiadis, A. 1993. Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r). Cell. 75: 59-72.
Maggio, M., F. De Vita, F. Lauretani, V. Buttò, G. Bondi, C. Cattabiani, A. Nouvenne, T. Meschi, E Dall'Aglio, and G.P. Ceda. 2013. Review IGF-1, The Cross Road of The Nutritional, Inflammatory and Hormonal Pathways to Frailty. Nutrients 5: 4184-4205.
Mathews, L.S., R.E. Hammer, R.R. Behringer,A.J. D'Ercole, G.I. Bell,R.L. Brinster, and R.D. Palmiter. 1988. Growth Enhancement of Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I. Endocrinology. 123:2827-2833.
McCormick, S.D. 2001. Endocrine Control of Osmoregulation in Teleost fish. Am. Zool. 41: 781– 794.
Montserrat, N., N.J.C. Gabillard, E. Capilla, M.I. Navarro, J. Gutiérrez. 2007. Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and muscle regulatory factors in the compensatory growth of the trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). General and Comparative Endocrinology. 150: 462–472.
Moriyama, S., Ayson, G., Kawauchi, H., 2000. Growth regulation by insulin-like growth factor-I in fish. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 64: 1553–1562.
Mulyati, S., M. Zairin Jr., dan M.M. Raswin. 2002. Pengaruh Umur Larva Saat Dimulainya Perendaman dalam Hormon Tiroksin terhadap Perkembangan, Pertumbuhan, dan Kelangsungan Hidup Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy) Effect of Thyroxine on Development, Growth and Survival of Giant Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy) Larvae. JurnalAkuakultur Indonesia . 1(1): 21-25.
Peterson, B.C., Waldbieser, G.C., Bilodeau, A.L., 2005. Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin on growth and abundance of mRNA for IGF-I and IGF-II in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Anim. Sci. 83: 816– 824.
Peterson, BC., AL. Bilodeau-Bourgeois, and, BC. Small. 2009. Small Response of the somatotropic axis to alterations in feed intake of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 153: 457–463.
Plisetskaya, E.M., S.J. Duguay, and C. Duan. 1994. Insulin and InsulinLike Growth Factor in Salmonids. Comparison of Structure, Expression and Regulation. In: K.G. Davey, R.E. Peter and S.S. Tobe (Eds.), Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology, National Research Council, Ottawa. pp. 226–233.
Poppinga, J., J. Kittilson, S.D.. McCormick, M.A. Sheridan. 2007. Effects of Somatostatin on The Growth Hormone – Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis and Seawater Adaptation of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 273: 312–319.
Pozios, K.C., J. Ding, B. Degger, Z. Upton, and C. Duan. 2001. IGFs Stimulate Zebrafish Cell Proliferation by Activating MAP Kinase and PI3-Kinase-Signaling Pathways. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280: R1230–R1239.
Pusat Data Statistik dan Informasi Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP). 2015. Statistik Perikanan Tangkap, Perikanan Budidaya dan Ekspor – Import Setiap Provinsi Seluruh Indonesia. 2003-2010.
Reinecke, M. 2010. Review Paper: Influences of The Environment on The Endocrine and Paracrine Fish Growth Hormone – Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I System. Journal of Fish Biology. 76: 1233–1254.
Rodgers, B.D., Roalson, E.H., Thompson, C., 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) and IGFBP-related gene families. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 155: 201–207.
Sakdiah, M., M. Zairin Jr., dan O. Carman. 2003. Pengaruh Lama Perendaman di Dalam Larutan Hormon Triiodotironin (T3) terhadap Perkembangan, Pertumbuhan dan Kelangsungan Hidup Larva Ikan Gurame (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.) Effect of Exposure Time of Triiodothyronine (T3) Hormone Solution on Development, Growth and Survival Rate of Giant Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.). JurnalAkuakultur Indonesia. 2(1): 1-6.
Suprayudi, M.A. dan M. Setiawati. 2003. Kebutuhan Ikan Gurame (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.) Akan Mineral Fosfor. Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Giant Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy Lac.). JurnalAkuakultur Indonesia. 2(2): 67-71.
Vong, Q.P., Chan, K.M., Cheng, C.H.K., 2003. Quantification of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA by real-time PCR: differential regulation of expression by GH. J. Endocrinol. 178: 513–521.
Weber, G., Sullivan, C.V., 2000. Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I on In Vitro Wnal Oocyte Maturation and Ovarian Steroidogenesis in Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis. Biol. Reprod. 63: 1049–1057.
Yan, B., Zhu C.D., Guo J.T., Zhao, L.H., and Zhao, J.L. 2012. miR-206 Regulates The Growth of The Teleost Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Through The Modulation of IGF-1 Gene Expression. J. Exp Biol 216:12651269.
Zonneveld N, E. A. Huisman dan J.H. Boon. 1991. Prinsip-Prinsip Budidaya Ikan. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. 318 hlm.